Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Case Study Example Corporate accountants have always maintained a degree of confidentiality about companies’ finances. Confidentiality principle of accounting requires accountants not to disclose information acquired during their practise to third parties. It clearly stipulates that information acquired from professional or business relationship be kept confidential unless there is legal or professional right or duty to do so. Such information belongs to the company and should not be put into any personal use. Therefore, an accountant must take the necessary measures to mitigate any threats that might occur in the course of practising. However, each engagement and work assignment differs in threats it presents, which means that it is the work of an accountant to identify, evaluate, and deal with the threat to confidentiality. Professional competence and due care is another principle applicable to this scenario. Accounting profession keeps changing to incorporate new skills and information. It is the duty of an accountant to ensure that they keep themselves updated. They must maintain professional knowledge and skill to ensure that the clients receive competent services. Any developments in the profession or in the legal system must be included in the practise. An accountant who acts in due care is one who follows all the technical and professional standards in their practise. Objectivity is another principle applicable to the scenario that requires accountants to act independently. He should not allow undue influence from thirds parties. Corporate accountants should not allow bias in their work and should relinquish their personal interests to accommodate professional judgements. Additionally, a professional accountant must act with the highest level of integrity because of they are entrusted with preparing financial accounts of organisations. Although the principles of loyalty and confidentiality should

Poverty and Pollution Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poverty and Pollution Case Study - Essay Example Firms that manufacture chemicals, which are too unsafe to manufacture within the first World will always acquire a market within third World Nations (The Environment..., 2013). There exist no regulations within the Third World Nations that govern dumping and pollution. Generally, Third World nations have to choose between food and a contaminated environment. Third World governments cannot limit nor have regulations, as it would be too expensive to their countries more specifically since most of their people are trying to earn a living (Hardoy, 2011). This paper is an analysis of the Pollution and Poverty Case Study. Ethical effects of pollution in a third world nation would directly affect the inhabitants of the Third World Countries (Hardoy, 2011). For instance, the dumping of toxic electronics within the south of Chinese town of Guiyu had Women melting hard drives and motherboards from CPUs to extract gold from them. This exposed them to toxic fumes. Ghana is another country, which has had wastes dumped in one of its regions. On the borders of Agbogbloshie town, there is an enormous wasteland as well as one of the highly polluted water bodies on Earth(The Environment..., 2013). ... Once they obtain the personal data in them, they sell the data for roughly $35 for each hard drive. Information obtained from these hard drives includes private financial facts, credit-card numbers, account data and reports of electronic transactions. Mostly, the original holders of the hard drives do not know that such information had been left in those drives. It becomes easier to clear out accounts with the account information. Ghana is listed as among the top cybercrime perpetrators in the globe conferring to the American State Department (Ghana Dumping..., 2012). During an off-camera interview, one of the drives purchased had a $22 billion United States government contract. The hard drive had come from an American military contractor known as Northrop Grumman; it is among the largest military contractors in the U.S. The hard drive contained very sensitive details such as multi-million dollar deals of the United States government with agencies such as the DIA (defense intelligenc e agency), Homeland Security and NASA (Ghana Dumping..., 2012). This poses an enormous security risk that places everyone at the vulnerability of the perpetrators. If regulations and laws had been established to govern e-waste disposal and pollution, then cybercrime might not be a huge issue as it is currently. Obtaining personal information about people is one thing, but it is another to obtain detailed information on government contracts (News Week Magazine, 2013). When 3rd World nations do not have any regulations or laws shielding them from 1st World Nations polluting and dumping in their nation, then it renders it difficult for them to prohibit 1st World Nations from dumping and polluting in their countries. Initially, some counties embraced the e-waste. A

Behavioral Family Therapy

Behavioral Family Therapy Behavioral family therapy focuses on numerous techniques such as operant conditioning, education, communication and problem solving, and contingency management. These techniques were developed through numerous years of observation and research done by researchers known as Gerald Patterson and Robert Liberman. Many issues can be addressed by Behavioral family therapy such as anorexia, alcoholism, mental illness, childhood developmental issues, marital issues, and family problems. By addressing the familys problem directly, the therapist attempts to place the therapy in the familys hands and during this process engagement in the therapy becomes exceedingly important. Behavioral family therapy aims to find the process that fits the family, not fitting a family inside a therapeutic process. Keywords: Behavioral family therapy, communication, mental illness, therapeutic alliance, engagement Behavioral family therapy, also known as BFT, is a type of therapy that focuses on the family as a unit (Lipps, 1999). This family intervention looks at the elements of information giving and skills achievement, as well as aiming to reduce relapses by supporting and improving communication and problem solving skills (Campbell, 2004). With the support of empirical studies, BFT has developed its approach over years of research and practice. Behavioral family therapy not only addresses behavioral issues within the family, but individual family members with mental disorders as well. This type of therapy covers a broad scope of different types of families and issues. Beginning information on behavioral family therapy started with simple cases regarding children that included bedtime tantrums, nocturnal enuresis, aggressive behavior, and language training with autistic children (Falloon, 1991). Outside of working with children, spouses were involved in BFT to support in the desensitization of anxiety disorders (Falloon, 1991). During these early stages of behavioral family therapy the techniques were individually centered rather than family focused, but the family was still considered a large part in the individuals life. During the start of behavioral family therapy it was thought that negative behaviors from family members came from other family members operant reinforcements. From this concept, it was concluded that the strategies used in behavioral family therapy should involve changing; not only the family member with the negative behavior, but the family members behavior who was reinforcing the negative behavior (Falloon, 1991). During therapy, therapists instructed family members with specific directions on how they should respond to undesirable behavior. While in session, the therapist would then mimic the appropriate behavior towards the undesired behavior when a family member was displaying the negative behavior. The success of the treatment was founded on how many times the deviant behavior occurred, and then the amount the deviant behavior decreased. A pioneer in Behavioral family therapy, Gerald Patterson, created an understanding that laboratory experiments are much different than clinical experiments due to the complexity of the family life style (Falloon, 1991). He was a key individual when it came to formulating behavioral family therapy. Patterson provided several research studies that employed several different therapeutic techniques. One strategy that Patterson tried to incorporate into therapy was to develop a method to move the therapists role as the key mediator away from the family, so that the family would be able to make use of social-learning techniques by themselves (Falloon, 1991). In order to change the behavior within the family, Patterson found that it was important to not only change the parents behavior, but the other family members behavior as well, so that the family could then create a sense of reciprocity (Falloon, 1991). Patterson also noted in his research that the coercion of family members only incre ased the negative responses and only provided a short term correction to the negative problem (Falloon, 1991). Patterson created the pathway for behavioral family therapy through his research and application in the therapy session. Other strategies that elevated behavioral family therapy to its current status, were suggested through research done by several other researchers. One strategy includes the give to get approach. The give to get approach is when a family member unconditionally and positively rewards another family members behavior; specifically, with a family member that they are in conflict with (Falloon, 1991). The thought behind this approach is that it is much more likely that the family members behavior will change in order to please someone, who pleases them (Falloon, 1991). Another strategy includes the contingency contract. The contingency contract is an approach where each family member creates a list of behaviors that the individual will perform for other family members (Falloon, 1991). After deciding between family members which behaviors will be able to be performed, a contract is drawn up. These behaviors serve as tokens that are exchanged as rewards for their targeted positive behaviors, not negative behaviors (Falloon, 1991). These strategies are ways for therapists to help families change negative behaviors into positive behaviors by working together and implementing approaches that work for that specific family system. Robert Liberman was a psychologist that worked with mentally ill adult population within the guidelines of behavioral family therapy. Liberman furthered Behavioral family therapy by including two strategies, role rehearsal and modeling (Falloon, 1991). These strategies were used by Liberman with therapeutic alliance and a detailed assessment of functional relationships. Liberman not only looked at the symptoms the family was having, but the interaction patterns, achievement of short and long term goals, and the extra familial issues that affect the family system (Falloon, 1991). The extra familial issues that affect the family system include education, social-services, and medical services. Liberman had the idea to include the extra familial factors within the therapy so that the symptoms were not the only focus in the sessions, but the long term achievement of stability. In a family system with an individual with a mental illness, Liberman found it important to look at all aspects t hat would affect the family (Falloon, 1991). Within behavioral family therapy there are several behavioral-changing strategies that are used, which include contingency contracting, operant conditioning, and communication-skills training (Falloon, 1991). These strategies are applied to produce a specific change that is within the familys therapeutic goals. During therapy the therapist makes the decision when to use certain strategies based on the familys functioning. When reviewing behavioral family therapy, the practice of therapy has found that only a few interventions were used across a broad range of therapy (Falloon, 1991). These interventions include education, communication and problem solving training, operant conditioning approaches, and contingency management (Falloon, 1991). Education can vary in the way it is displayed. Educating families about issues they deal with in their family, such as mental illness or the development of child milestones can provide families with the information they need to reach their goals. Communication training provides families with the ability to directly transfer information from one family member to another member. Effective communication can provide resolution to problems and attainment to their goals (Falloon, 1991). Operant conditioning strategies include time-out and shaping procedures to increase sought-after behaviors. Operant conditioning approaches are often taught to parents with children or families who have severe disabilities (Falloon, 1991). Operant conditioning goes along with education in that both deal with training and learning. The contingency contract is used to substitute hostile, coercive, blaming patterns of family behavior with more satisfying behaviors (Falloon, 1991). The therapists role in behavioral family therapy is to maintain a supportive therapeutic alliance and to be able to keep an ongoing assessment of the family so that accurate interventions can be used (Falloon, 1991). As the therapist, it is important to look at the responses made by the family member and use those responses to help the family best cope with their situation. Encouraging family members to take advantage of their strengths by focusing on their own feedback will allow the family members to move towards resolving problems and reaching goals (Falloon, 1991). It is important for the therapist to convey positive and negative feelings in a direct manner that works towards positive behavior within the family. The therapist is the individual who matches the intervention to the family (Falloon, 1991). It is important for the therapist to match the intervention to the family instead of forcing the family into an intervention that may not be able to assist the family with their go als (Falloon, 1991). Not only are interventions thoroughly thought through, but the termination of therapy begins in the beginning of therapy. The therapist tells the family members how many session the family will be given and reminds the family every other session that the termination period is getting closer. By the therapist planning the termination in the beginning it gives the family a chance to become independent from the therapist (Falloon, 1991). Behavioral family therapy can be used with several different types of issues. Three common issues that were found in the research were schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and alcohol abuse issues. Past research supports that family interventions for schizophrenic members demonstrates helpful engagement in the family (James, Cushway, Fadden, 2006). James, Cushway, Fadden (2006) provide statistical reasoning that behavioral family therapy has a lower dropout rate than other familial therapy groups by twelve percent. Once families became engaged in behavioral family therapy the entire family was more likely to stay engaged (James, Cushway, Fadden, 2006). Those families who do not begin engaged or stay engaged in the therapeutic process are more likely to drop out. In James, Cushway, Faddens (2006) qualitative research it was found that the more reflective the therapist was towards the family the more engaged the family was able to become with the therapy. Being reflective becomes impor tant when creating a therapeutic alliance because reflection creates trust between the family and therapist. The therapeutic alliance in behavioral family therapy becomes the most important quality due to the amount of change that is going to occur (James, Cushway, Fadden, 2006). When working with schizophrenia, a therapist tends to work harder to gain that therapeutic alliance. This could be due to the family not wanting to change what already works with certain members, or that the family members do not trust anyone making changes in their family when they are worried about the outcome of the mentally ill family member. Being able to engage with each member of the family, including a schizophrenic member, will gain the therapist a trusting relationship; which will in turn, help the family create positive change in their familial structure. Anorexia nervosa and alcohol problems are both issues that behavioral family therapy can address. Ball Mitchell (2004) found through their research that with anorexic clients and their families BFT had shown a high trend towards less negative communication after treatment. The research had also shown that significant improvements over time included eating attitudes and behaviors, self-esteem, depression, and state anxiety (Ball Mitchell, 2004). Regarding alcohol problems, Lipps (1999) found that reinforcement is important in behavioral family therapy. When involving the family in the process of changing an alcoholics behavior supporting the reinforcement from the family towards the family member is particularly important. It is important for family members to reinforce the modification of the environment so that drinking behaviors are changed (Lipps, 1999). Operant conditioning can also be utilized with changing an alcoholics behavior with family members. When behavioral family the rapy addresses alcoholism it assumes that environmental factors manipulate behavior from members (Lipps, 1999). Both, anorexia and alcoholism use a type of reinforcement to work within the context of behavioral family therapy to push for changes within family members. Due to the openness of behavioral family therapy, my family and I went through BFT numerous times, but each time there was a different situation being addressed. Going through behavioral family therapy for the first time when I was younger, my family and I needed help dealing with my ADHD. I was having trouble in school and at home. Our therapist worked with my parents in training them how to respond to desirable behaviors and how to ignore negative behaviors. I was reinforced through the behaviors that my parents displayed towards me. Eventually, my behavior started to change into more positive and desirable ways. I began doing my homework and started doing my chores at home. Concentration was hard for me, but in time with behavioral therapy and medication my ability to concentrate gradually increased. Behavioral family therapy has helped me and my family deal with a hardship. By working through this hardship with my family in therapy I learned to love school and I am now in my mast ers, somewhere my parents and I never thought Id be. Behavioral family therapy addresses numerous issues and involves several interventions that can be used to work within the specific family system. This type of therapy not only puts the family members in the driver seat, but allows the family to work, support, and value the relationships and changes in their system (Campbell, 2004). Behavioral family therapy also allows the family to acquire new skills and these new skills help open communication and trust with in the family (Campbell, 2004). Overall, behavioral family therapy gives the family choices in how they want to run their sessions. The therapist allows the family to run the session while educating and teaching the family techniques along the way. Along with the numerous techniques, it is important for individuals going into BFT to take control and engage in their therapy. Without trying and wanting change, behavioral family therapy can only give the family what the family wants to take from the therapy.

The Power of Delegation Essay -- Delegate Engineering Management Essay

The Power of Delegation Delegation is a management tool that can be used to empower or when abused can be a detrimental force in a company. Delegation can aid employee growth and development while getting the job done efficiently. The true purpose of delegation is to accomplish the task by assigning it to someone else (Blair, 1992). Many misunderstand the concept of delegation and therefore either will not delegate or improperly apply the principle which provides unsuccessful results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The primary reason to delegate tasks is to get the work done. The manager must be wise enough to know that he or she cannot be everywhere and do everything. A manager must also realize that along with the assignment of the job to the subordinate, the authority to complete the task must also be given. The delegation of authority is the hardest, most difficult part for some in management positions. If the task is assigned without the authority to use independent discretion the result is frustration and incomplete production. The manager must clearly communicate the expected result also ensure that the subordinate is properly trained and/or has the required skills needed to accomplish the assigned task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication is a major component of successful delegation. A system of regular exchanges of information between management and employees ensure that each party is aware of what others are doing (Blair, 1992).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My current employer is a nonprofit organization, which is run by a Chief Executive Officer/President who was hired 22 years ago. Her background is in education, as a principal, with a master’s degree in Education Administration. The CEO answers to a board of directors, which have been very good at delegating the responsibilities of running the corporation to the CEO. The board meets monthly to receive reports on the activities and financial status of the facility but other than that have no real hands-on role in the management of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The CEO has a very different approach to delegation than the board of directors; she tends to micro-manage her staff. Her idea of delegation leans more to assignment of a task and proceeding to dictate exactly how she desires the task to be accomplished or assigns the task without giving authority to carry it out. The CEO makes assignments to members of her Corporate Leadership Team (program direct... ...tion for his staff. The director is not confident in his own competency yet feels the need to improve upon the work his staff produces. This is not a simple problem because the director, a vice president in the company, needs to work out personal issues in order to stop the offending actions. He can however recognize that the problem exists and redirect his interference. Overall this company would benefit from formal training in the functions of management along with methods of applying the principles of management in their own jobs. A section on delegation would need to consist of the definition of delegation, the importance of communication, developing effective and efficient controls, how delegation aids in employee development, how to maintain proper access or assistance to the delegate and awareness of the possible outcomes and failures when using delegation as a management tool (Blair, 1992). References Blair, GM, The Art of Delegation, IEE Engineering Management Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 165-169, Aug 1992. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from University of Edinburgh School of Engineering and Electronics web site: http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/art5.html

Sociology and Understanding Human Behavior

SOCL2151 Sociology and Understanding Human Behavior Phase 4 Individual Project Repost And Phase 5 Individual Project Conclusion Jerry Dunlap CTU Online Nov 12, 2012 SOCL2152 Introduction Portions of this assignment has repurposed work from Professor Vila’s Sociology 215 In my Phase 4 Individual Project I will be taking about the sociology of sport, what sport and event I picked and why I picked them. I will talk and describe the event and the sport that I have picked as well. I will be giving a description of my field observation over the event that I watched.I will also talk about what it was like doing field work without really being in the field to do it. I will also go into talking about what I have learned from my field observation and Reflect on sports and the field of sociology of sport. Sports are and have been for me a way to relax ever sense I was a little boy growing up and going to school. I played sports in junior high and in high school as well. Sports for many p eople can be a way of life or their main way of making money to live from one day to the next.I watch sports manly because when I watch them I think man I wish that was me out there on that field or on that court them I wouldn’t have to worry so much about how I am going to take care of my family. I can be watching a game and sitting there thinking as well if I could just have one of the pay checks that the players get I would be seat for a long time. The sport that I was going with at first was basketball but after thinking about it I was like hold on there aren’t any basketball games showing on television right now so I changed it to football just to be able to do the field observation.I picked football because I grow up watching it when I was younger and I played it for three years in high school but I will be talking a little about both of them because of using both of them in my last two Individual Project. On January 20th 1892 the first true basketball game as we know it was played in Springfield Massachusetts. Doctor James Naismith a Canadian invented basketball for the YMCA so that they could play during the winter months. He made up rules for the game and also nailed up two peach baskets for hoops.Most of the rules the he made for the game of basketball are still used but have been changed up a little bit over the years. SOCL2153 Pro basketball and college basketball are both big sports that are covered by all types of media like the news, radio, television and the internet is a big one as well. Radio has a big impacted on basketball because it allows people that can’t watch it to be able to listen to the games. The internet and new allows you to be able to keep up with states and other stuff like that on the sport and on the players as well.The description of my field observation after watch the Sunday game between the Cowboys and Giants is there are all types of people there besides the players on the field playing the game, and coaches. There are the people that call the game and the camera people from the television channel that the game was on. There where fans, cheerleaders from both teams and referees as well. From what I could see and hear the fans where all into the game cheering and boing when bad calls were made or when there team made a good or bad play.People that where at the game looked to me like they were of all ages from little kids up to aridly people. The players seem to show when they are upset about a bad call or a play that was ran the wrong way. The players also show off a little after they make big play or even a little play. With the part of who hangs out with whom, and what are the moods and social dynamics. I can’t really tell from watching the game on television but for the most part I would think that most of the people that go to games just hang out with the ones they go there with and the players who can really say who they hang out with when there not playing.Some of t he behavior in the game is from both the fans and players. Fans can start getting upset because there team isn’t playing like they should or there team isn’t getting the right calls from the referees that they think they should be. The same could go for the players from both teams. They start getting mad because they aren’t playing like they should be or they get a bad call. It all depends on how the game is going and how the players are playing on how the fans act and or behave. I picked this event because I am a big cowboys fan and I just like watching them play on Sundays.SOCL2154 As everyone knows American football has been around for centuries and is one of the most popular sports in America. As of 2010 football is the most watched sport of all of the four sports in America today. The Beginning A citizen of ancient Greek times used to play a game called harpaston and this game was known as a dangerous game. There were no rules, no field specifications and n o guidelines. They simply went out and played this game resembling a mixture of rugby and football. In the 12th century the game as we now know it began in England.People of this time started to love this game so much that at one time both Kings Henry II and Henry IV banned the game. At this time people where only allowed to run and kicked the ball and couldn’t pass the ball forward at all. EVOLUTION On November 6, 1869 American football was believed to be burn when Princeton and Rutgers Universities met to play the first organized football match in American history. Within the next five years the game would change and more teams would be added. There would be new rules put together allowing the teams to have 15 players on their team.A coach from Yale named Walter Camp introduce new rule changes to the game that would include cutting the number of players allowed on the field from 15 down to 11 and adding downs. Football originally only had three downs and the teams only had to go five yards to get a first down but in 1912 it got increased to four down and they had to get 10 yards for a first down. President Theodore Roosevelt would later help the colleges put together or crate the National Collegiate Athletic Association and they would put together a seven member rules committee that would pass a rule to legalize the forward pass.In 1922 the American Professional Football Association changed its name to the National Football League and thus the NFL is born. Then in 1966 the Super Bowl was crated as the NFLs Championship game. In 1967 the first super bowl was played between the Green Bay Packers and the Dallas Cowboys and the Packers would go on the win the first ever super bowl over the Cowboys 21 to 17. SOCL2155 I have learned from doing field work that it is hard to do when you’re really not on the field doing it was same what hard to do because you can’t really get a good look at the fans or what is going on around the field.When watch ing the game on a television from the house only thing you really get a good look at is all of the players from both teams and the coaches. You can hear the fans and maybe every now and thing you can get a look at the fans just for a few seconds but not long enough to really be able to see how they are acting. Phase 5 Individual Project My life experience with sports has been very interesting from the start. I started playing sports like running cross country, track and playing basketball when I was in middle school. I wanted to play football but are iddle school football coach wouldn’t late me. He told me that I was too small because I only weighted like 110 pounds in middle school. When I got into high school I still played these three sports but my sophomore year I finally started playing football but by thin I was not that up to date on how to play the game nor was I really that good. I was able to travel to many different places in middle school and high school because o f sports even if it was just in the state that I live in. I allowed me to meet different people from different areas of the state.I still think to this day if it wasn’t for sports and school that I wouldn’t have passed and graduated high school like I did. Sports are part of what I am today and I big reason why I am a sports fan today. SOCL2156 Being a sports fan of sports now I would have to say that for me it’s a way to relax and enjoy same of the sports that I played in school without playing them anymore. Being able to watch sports gives people a way to get together with friends a few times a week or just a few times a month depending on the sport that is on at that time.I see watching sports as a way to get a little trill without have to put your own life at risk or anyone else’s because you can do it sitting at home with your family or with friends. The sport experience help me connect with friends because it gives us something to talk about when we get together other thin just are family’s and what we have done over the past few days or weeks. The sports experience gets people together no matter what type of people they are or what race they are even if it’s just for a few minutes or a few hours’ people aren’t looking at others based on their skin color or their religion.References: ESPN. (2012). Retrieved from ESPN. com: http://espn. go. com/nba/ history of Football. (2012). Retrieved from historyoffootball. net: http://historyoffootball. net/ Bass, A. (2010, Apr 19). Livestrong. Retrieved from livestrong. com: http://www. livestrong. com/article/108870-history-football/ Faurschou, B. (n. d. ). History of Basketball. . Retrieved from nbahoopsonline. com: http://www. nbahoopsonline. com/Articles/History1. html

Indonesia Petro Project

The block Delegate Said-Dart, located in southwestern of North Sumatra Basin, is the oldest oilfield in Indonesia, with total area of 82 km. It was firstly discovered in 1883, with the development history of fifty years. Oil and gas exploration and development mainly depends on surface geological surveys.In the absence of any modern seismic exploration and logging techniques, oil and gas structural traps were found in the field and produced with outmoded drilling and oil extraction technology. The cumulative oil production of blocks Delegate Said and Dart reached 2335 million rarely before abandonment as the outbreak of war in 1937.Alpha Until sass and sass, the Indonesian National Oil Company (hereinafter referred to as Pertain) and Mobil Oil Company Jointly drilled two deep exploration wells; from year 1977 to 1995, Pertain has carried out AD seismic exploration and research , drilled four deep exploration wells, through which they basically figured out sedimentary characteristics and stereographic features of the field, found out Bang formation and its underlying strata with favorable reservoirs, during which period no systematic re- exportation and development was conducted.During 2002-2012, contractor made secondary development of Delegate Said Dart oilfield. 13 development wells were drilled, among which 9 were put into production as oil well, with a total oil production of nearly 40 thousand barrels, and re exploited 12 old wells abandoned in 1937 with 18 thousand barrels of crude oil production. There were totally over 58 thousand barrels of crude oil produced from newly drilled development wells and recovery wells. 30 years of oil and gas discoveries, more than 50 years of early development, ever 60 years of intermittent exploration, and 10 years of secondary recovery, all show that people have great expectation of new breakthroughs and new discoveries in this field. Feasibility Study 1 . Study Basis All the information and data obtained during the pro cess of the field exploration and development in last 130 years are the only basis to know this field and study it by modern technology, and what's more, it is the origin of confidence on re- understanding, re-evaluation and re-determination of secondary development on the field.In the early period of Oil blocks selection and evaluation, three aspects of this lied have been noticed as follows: (1) Before being abandoned in 1937, relying on simple basic information as surface geological survey and hydrocarbon leakage, BPML companies conducted 50 years of drilling and production work, drilling 176 wells in Delegate Said oilfield, among which are oil wells, accounting for 83%; 247 wells were dilled in Dart oilfield, and 161 were oil wells, accounting for 65%.From amount and success rate of BPML drilling wells, it can be seen that the drilling success rate was very high, indicating that the oil and gas reservoir-cap system is completely preserved. 2) Pertain and Mobil drilled two explor ation deep wells, Delegate AAA and Delegate Bal 1970, and four exploration wells, TTS-I, DOUR-I, TTS-I and Path-8 were drilled by Pertain.According to AD seismic data from 1973,1974,1975,1978, there are only a small number of seismic lines, large quantities of AD digital seismic were intensively collected in year 1985 and 1990, which means that only Path-8 well is the exploration well drilled after mass of AD digital seismic; from analysis of seismic collection and drilling time, it is thought that only Path-8 wells used the AD digital seismic data, which was one of only two oil wells ring this period (another well is Delegate 81). 3) During 2006-2009, 13 development wells were drilled in TTS, among which 9 were put into production as oil wells, with drilling success ratio of about 70%, while in the output of about 4 million barrels of crude oil, well DE-AAA was flowing in production and the yield accounted for 50% , indicating that the area remains high formation pressure and oil s ources have been constantly supplemented.From data analysis of TTS geological studies, drilling design and drilling engineering and other aspects, it is found that he comprehensive geological study does not concern the use of seismic data and construct, still clinging to the simple BPML period geological survey, and many factors including wrong selection of drilling technology resulting serious pollution of the target layer by mud eventually leaded to the consequences of low drilling success ratio and the low oil and gas production.But from the analysis of adjacent wells within the drilling distance of mm, DE-181 A could reach substantial oil and gas production under the circumstance of simply improving drilling technology, which means a great potential for secondary development for an old oilfield located nil . Km anticline structure, and with 14. 98 million barrels of crude production before the year 1937. The above shows, although after 130 years of exploration and development, t he main production period of Delegate Said Dart oilfield is still the 50 years before 1937, and the exploration and development technology is relatively lag behind.With widely use of modern oil and gas exploration and development as well as drilling technology, the field will be able to make new discoveries and breakthroughs. In recent months, PIPE has setup a professional technical team of oil and gas exploration and development, through data collection, collation, post- processing analysis and research of the oilfield geological, seismic, logging and other aspects, combined with data analysis and preliminary study on drilling technology, well testing, and production performance, the main conclusions are as follows. 2.Project Profile The Delegate said Dart Oilfield project a TACT (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CONTRACT) project established by Pertain and TTS with the purpose of oil recovery and improvement of recovery factor, the term of the contract is 20 years. Party A, Pertain, the natio nal oil company of Indonesia; Part B, P. T. TTS, a company established under Indonesian law, with headquarters in Jakarta, who offers technical assistance for hydrocarbon exploration. During the term of the contract, TTS may recover 80% of its investments from the sales profit of oil production in the first 3 years, and up to 65% in the subsequent years.Of the remaining crude oil after cost recovery deduction, Pertain has right to 73. 2143%, and TTS has right to 26. 7857%. Having passed all approval procedures required by Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (SEEDS) and examines by authorities in charge of investment and law, PIPE was approved by relevant authorities of Indonesia to hold 100% shares of TTS and PIPE got certain licenses to conduct petroleum exploration and development activities in this country.Geographical and Structural Location The Delegate Said-Dart Oilfield is located in Pangolin Brendan, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, km northwest from Media, km south from Pangolin Brendan-Pertain Oil Refinery and km Pangolin Us Oil Port respectively. The local transportation is very convenient since North Sumatra Highway directly leads to the oilfield. (Fig. 1) Fig. L Location of Delegate Said Dart Oilfield The area under discussion is characterized by hilly topography with a maximum altitude of less than 100 meters. The valley where the oilfields were found has an altitude of mm and the average height of this area is mm.Part of the area is covered by forests, while the other part has been converted into farms. The climate of this area is warm humid and rainy. The majority of the oil wells are located in open spaces of clumps of bushes. Right now in the oilfield, all trunk roads are in good conditions, while the bypaths connected with well sites are mostly destroyed. The oilfield is located in the southwestern part of North Sumatra Basin, which is bounded on the west by exposed pre-tertiary rocks of Barista Mountains, on the south by A sana Dome, on the east by continental shelf of Strait of Malice, and on the north by Madman Sea Basin (Fig. ). The main structure of the basin is located in Besetting- Delegate Said-Dart thrust anticline belt, a structural belt with NW?SE trending axis and asymmetric flanks. Fig. Structural Location of Delegate Said Dart Geological Evaluation North Sumatra Basin is located in the northwestern tip of Sumatra Island, and extends northward to Madman Sea, with a total area of 13. 7x104km2. The onshore part of the basin, which occupies only 16% of the total area, extends from coastal lowlands to foot of Barista Mountains.Being classified as convergent-arc basin (according to Clammy), North Sumatra Basin is one of the most important hydrocarbon areas in Indonesia with 3. 1 51st proven oil reserves in place and 6. 96Ãâ€"1011 mm proven gas reserves in place, totally 10. 1 laxest (oil equivalent), among which, the onshore oil reserves are 2. 31st and gas reserves are 6Ãâ€"1011 mm. The most valuable Arrant Oilfield and Run Gasified are located in the north of Delegate Said Dart Oilfield. 3. Reserve Analysis Geological Reserves Evaluation 1.Calculation Basis (1) Seismic fine structural interpretation, test oil production data, fluid and rock high- pressure physical parameters of laboratory analysis; (2) The old well reservoir of oil and gas production data , reservoir depth and the thickness parameters; (3) New well drilling, logging, petrochemical, fluid properties, oil and gas shows and other ramset's; (4) Combined with reservoir geological knowledge, field development practices in early phase, and the reserve calculation parameters submit from other companies; 2.Reserves Calculation Unit The main reservoir of Delegate Said Dart oilfields is Upper Tertiary MOBS strata. According to the different oil-producing conditions of reservoir, the reservoir of MOBS can be subdivided into 9 members (MOBS-O ? MOBS-8 ), in which the main producing formation is MOBS-2, stereograph ic thickness is about 50-80 meters and the net reservoir thickness is between 10-35 meters. For the other 8 reservoir formations, the highness is relatively small, scale of reserves is correspondingly small, which can be used as potential development reservoir.Due to the emulation of old well information, the reserve calculation unit is limited to â€Å"Central Thrust Fold Belt† main development layer series: MOBS-I, MOBS-2, MOBS-3, the calculation unit is shown in Table 1: Oilfield Development Layer Series Reservoir Top Depth (m) Reservoir Thickness(m) Delegate Said MOBS-I MOBS-2 1 WWW. 5 MOBS-3 >280 350 20 percent), major schedule delay (>20 percent), or poor plant operability after startup is over 30 percent. The need to find and develop new fields is pushing the upstream sector to the extremes in terms of both environment and technology.For the major western petroleum companies, there are few opportunities to extract oil and gas with minimal risk any longer. This is compo unded by an industry-wide skilled labor shortage. This shortage of skilled labor appears to be having a particularly adverse impact on turnarounds (shutdowns) in the refinery sector. Plant turnarounds are the periodic and planned shutdown of facilities to perform maintenance and/or install new equipment. Figure 1 shows the performance of 36 cent high-complexity refinery turnarounds.The average schedule delay is more than 35% and the average cost overrun is 25 percent. Perhaps more importantly, there is a large degree of variability in the performance as indicated by the bars which measure plus one and minus standard deviation. This means that the turnarounds are highly unpredictable. As these trends gather momentum, risks to project execution will only increase. The use and implementation of risk management systems varies widely across the oil and gas industry. Techniques range from simple spreadsheet based systems to more pesticides enterprise-wide software systems.For the most par t, project teams are identifying and tracking risks. However, effective quantification and implementation of response plans is lacking. Highest Rated Risks in Oil and Gas Sector Based on a database of risk registers we have identified what type of risks both project and turnaround teams are consistently rating as the most severe prior to the execution stage. In total, more than 25 risk registers of differing magnitude and granularity have been evaluated and sorted to reveal the dominant sources of perceived project risks in these sectors.For the most part, these teams used similar methodologies and tools to categorize projects within a common Risk Breakdown Structure (ORBS) as well as an applicable Work Breakdown Structures (WEBS). Individual project teams tend to slightly differ on their interpretation of risk categories and to which element within the ORBS the risk should be allocated. To overcome such deficiency, several basic and overarching categories have been introduced to ca pture all risks in a comparable manner. Capital Projects This analysis is based on nine major oil and gas projects.The combined number of kiss identified within the reviewed risk registers amounted to endured- eleven (1 1 1) after eliminating entries that are too high-level, unspecific, or may not qualify within the framework of this study. Subsequently, nine basic categories, such as Market/Commercial, Technology, and Organizational have been created to sort all qualified risks. Pursuant to the sorting, all categories have been counted to determine the rank-order, or priority of each category within the projects risk framework. Technology clearly topped the list, followed by Planning/Schedule and then Organizational.Project teams are consistently focused on ensuring that technical definition and design issues are well-defined prior to the execution stage and tend to view these issues as the ones with the both highest probability of occurrence and highest impact. The primary concern of these teams is to ensure that there is sufficient time to in the project definition phases to minimize the chances of late design changes during detailed design or construction Table (1) – Project Risk Rating Rated in order of Risk Severity RISK CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORIES 1 .Technology – Ensuring adequate technical definition ROR to detailed engineering – Use of new or unproven technology – Design flaws 2. Planning/Schedule – Permitting takes longer than anticipated – Long-lead times for major equipment 3. Organizational Adequate staffing, Effective team Integration and interface management – Partner alignment 4. Market/Commercial (Economic) Ensuring robust economic case (ROI) Cost escalation and budget constraints 5. Scope Definition Tie-ins with existing facilities (Brownfield modifications) – Adequate understanding of SOBS (Outside Battery Limits) interfaces 6.Procurement & Materials Availability of staff and supporting equ ipment 7. Commissioning &Startup (Operational) Interference with on-going operations 8. Health, Safety, and Environment Safety Incident Turnarounds This analysis based on 15 large-scale refinery turnarounds. The combined number of risks form these registers total over 300. The highest rated risk categories deal with obtaining adequate resources in a timely manner. The top rated category is Technical Support followed closely by Contracting and Labor. Both categories are a reflection of the challenges being faced by largesse refinery turnarounds in attracting enough skilled labor.In addition, turnaround teams are having increasing difficulty obtaining adequate internal technical support from other disciplines during the turnaround to deal with problems and trouble-shoot issues, particularly during the critical startup period. Table (2) – Turnaround Risk Rating ORBS category 1. Technical Support -Insufficient training and lack of both in house and contractor resources for startu p and trouble-shooting 2. Contracting and Labor -Limited availability of skilled craftsman and low quality labor 3. Planning, Scheduling, and Cost – Inadequate process/systems to engage discovery work 4.Scope Definition – Late engineering packages 5. Procurement and Materials – On time arrival of materials and procedures to handle and distribute materials 6. Startup & Operations – Insufficient number of operators available for startup 7. Shutdown and Chemical Cleaning – Cleaning and handover of units takes longer than anticipated 8. Organization and Communications – Poor understanding and communication of roles and responsibilities 9. Capital Projects & Integration – Late capital scope and/or incomplete, poorly defined engineering packages 10.Field Execution & Logistics Congestion, traffic, and offside personnel 11. Health, Safety, & Changes in safety procedures, inadequate understanding of new regulations and inexperienced workforce Payback Period Initial Cost of the Project in 2014 is USED 14,114,036 & initial Cost of Capital is USED 33,625,752. The Project Value in the Present Value with the assumptions of 6% inflation will be USED 25,067,150. Payback Period will be in the next 5 years Therefore based on the calculation of the payback plan, the company will be benefits in this project.The project will be benefits for the company besides the positive payback plan that will be in the positive investments in the 7 years of the company's project. It is also will be good opportunities for the company in channeling their assistance with the project since the company is working together with biggest oil company in Indonesia which is Pertain. The company will be benefits on this projects when the project can be success it will give some advantage or favor for the the company since when they are offering another project contract to Pertain since the performance of the current project will be success. Indonesia Petro Project The block Delegate Said-Dart, located in southwestern of North Sumatra Basin, is the oldest oilfield in Indonesia, with total area of 82 km. It was firstly discovered in 1883, with the development history of fifty years. Oil and gas exploration and development mainly depends on surface geological surveys.In the absence of any modern seismic exploration and logging techniques, oil and gas structural traps were found in the field and produced with outmoded drilling and oil extraction technology. The cumulative oil production of blocks Delegate Said and Dart reached 2335 million rarely before abandonment as the outbreak of war in 1937.Alpha Until sass and sass, the Indonesian National Oil Company (hereinafter referred to as Pertain) and Mobil Oil Company Jointly drilled two deep exploration wells; from year 1977 to 1995, Pertain has carried out AD seismic exploration and research , drilled four deep exploration wells, through which they basically figured out sedimentary characteristics and stereographic features of the field, found out Bang formation and its underlying strata with favorable reservoirs, during which period no systematic re- exportation and development was conducted.During 2002-2012, contractor made secondary development of Delegate Said Dart oilfield. 13 development wells were drilled, among which 9 were put into production as oil well, with a total oil production of nearly 40 thousand barrels, and re exploited 12 old wells abandoned in 1937 with 18 thousand barrels of crude oil production. There were totally over 58 thousand barrels of crude oil produced from newly drilled development wells and recovery wells. 30 years of oil and gas discoveries, more than 50 years of early development, ever 60 years of intermittent exploration, and 10 years of secondary recovery, all show that people have great expectation of new breakthroughs and new discoveries in this field. Feasibility Study 1 . Study Basis All the information and data obtained during the pro cess of the field exploration and development in last 130 years are the only basis to know this field and study it by modern technology, and what's more, it is the origin of confidence on re- understanding, re-evaluation and re-determination of secondary development on the field.In the early period of Oil blocks selection and evaluation, three aspects of this lied have been noticed as follows: (1) Before being abandoned in 1937, relying on simple basic information as surface geological survey and hydrocarbon leakage, BPML companies conducted 50 years of drilling and production work, drilling 176 wells in Delegate Said oilfield, among which are oil wells, accounting for 83%; 247 wells were dilled in Dart oilfield, and 161 were oil wells, accounting for 65%.From amount and success rate of BPML drilling wells, it can be seen that the drilling success rate was very high, indicating that the oil and gas reservoir-cap system is completely preserved. 2) Pertain and Mobil drilled two explor ation deep wells, Delegate AAA and Delegate Bal 1970, and four exploration wells, TTS-I, DOUR-I, TTS-I and Path-8 were drilled by Pertain.According to AD seismic data from 1973,1974,1975,1978, there are only a small number of seismic lines, large quantities of AD digital seismic were intensively collected in year 1985 and 1990, which means that only Path-8 well is the exploration well drilled after mass of AD digital seismic; from analysis of seismic collection and drilling time, it is thought that only Path-8 wells used the AD digital seismic data, which was one of only two oil wells ring this period (another well is Delegate 81). 3) During 2006-2009, 13 development wells were drilled in TTS, among which 9 were put into production as oil wells, with drilling success ratio of about 70%, while in the output of about 4 million barrels of crude oil, well DE-AAA was flowing in production and the yield accounted for 50% , indicating that the area remains high formation pressure and oil s ources have been constantly supplemented.From data analysis of TTS geological studies, drilling design and drilling engineering and other aspects, it is found that he comprehensive geological study does not concern the use of seismic data and construct, still clinging to the simple BPML period geological survey, and many factors including wrong selection of drilling technology resulting serious pollution of the target layer by mud eventually leaded to the consequences of low drilling success ratio and the low oil and gas production.But from the analysis of adjacent wells within the drilling distance of mm, DE-181 A could reach substantial oil and gas production under the circumstance of simply improving drilling technology, which means a great potential for secondary development for an old oilfield located nil . Km anticline structure, and with 14. 98 million barrels of crude production before the year 1937. The above shows, although after 130 years of exploration and development, t he main production period of Delegate Said Dart oilfield is still the 50 years before 1937, and the exploration and development technology is relatively lag behind.With widely use of modern oil and gas exploration and development as well as drilling technology, the field will be able to make new discoveries and breakthroughs. In recent months, PIPE has setup a professional technical team of oil and gas exploration and development, through data collection, collation, post- processing analysis and research of the oilfield geological, seismic, logging and other aspects, combined with data analysis and preliminary study on drilling technology, well testing, and production performance, the main conclusions are as follows. 2.Project Profile The Delegate said Dart Oilfield project a TACT (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CONTRACT) project established by Pertain and TTS with the purpose of oil recovery and improvement of recovery factor, the term of the contract is 20 years. Party A, Pertain, the natio nal oil company of Indonesia; Part B, P. T. TTS, a company established under Indonesian law, with headquarters in Jakarta, who offers technical assistance for hydrocarbon exploration. During the term of the contract, TTS may recover 80% of its investments from the sales profit of oil production in the first 3 years, and up to 65% in the subsequent years.Of the remaining crude oil after cost recovery deduction, Pertain has right to 73. 2143%, and TTS has right to 26. 7857%. Having passed all approval procedures required by Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (SEEDS) and examines by authorities in charge of investment and law, PIPE was approved by relevant authorities of Indonesia to hold 100% shares of TTS and PIPE got certain licenses to conduct petroleum exploration and development activities in this country.Geographical and Structural Location The Delegate Said-Dart Oilfield is located in Pangolin Brendan, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, km northwest from Media, km south from Pangolin Brendan-Pertain Oil Refinery and km Pangolin Us Oil Port respectively. The local transportation is very convenient since North Sumatra Highway directly leads to the oilfield. (Fig. 1) Fig. L Location of Delegate Said Dart Oilfield The area under discussion is characterized by hilly topography with a maximum altitude of less than 100 meters. The valley where the oilfields were found has an altitude of mm and the average height of this area is mm.Part of the area is covered by forests, while the other part has been converted into farms. The climate of this area is warm humid and rainy. The majority of the oil wells are located in open spaces of clumps of bushes. Right now in the oilfield, all trunk roads are in good conditions, while the bypaths connected with well sites are mostly destroyed. The oilfield is located in the southwestern part of North Sumatra Basin, which is bounded on the west by exposed pre-tertiary rocks of Barista Mountains, on the south by A sana Dome, on the east by continental shelf of Strait of Malice, and on the north by Madman Sea Basin (Fig. ). The main structure of the basin is located in Besetting- Delegate Said-Dart thrust anticline belt, a structural belt with NW?SE trending axis and asymmetric flanks. Fig. Structural Location of Delegate Said Dart Geological Evaluation North Sumatra Basin is located in the northwestern tip of Sumatra Island, and extends northward to Madman Sea, with a total area of 13. 7x104km2. The onshore part of the basin, which occupies only 16% of the total area, extends from coastal lowlands to foot of Barista Mountains.Being classified as convergent-arc basin (according to Clammy), North Sumatra Basin is one of the most important hydrocarbon areas in Indonesia with 3. 1 51st proven oil reserves in place and 6. 96Ãâ€"1011 mm proven gas reserves in place, totally 10. 1 laxest (oil equivalent), among which, the onshore oil reserves are 2. 31st and gas reserves are 6Ãâ€"1011 mm. The most valuable Arrant Oilfield and Run Gasified are located in the north of Delegate Said Dart Oilfield. 3. Reserve Analysis Geological Reserves Evaluation 1.Calculation Basis (1) Seismic fine structural interpretation, test oil production data, fluid and rock high- pressure physical parameters of laboratory analysis; (2) The old well reservoir of oil and gas production data , reservoir depth and the thickness parameters; (3) New well drilling, logging, petrochemical, fluid properties, oil and gas shows and other ramset's; (4) Combined with reservoir geological knowledge, field development practices in early phase, and the reserve calculation parameters submit from other companies; 2.Reserves Calculation Unit The main reservoir of Delegate Said Dart oilfields is Upper Tertiary MOBS strata. According to the different oil-producing conditions of reservoir, the reservoir of MOBS can be subdivided into 9 members (MOBS-O ? MOBS-8 ), in which the main producing formation is MOBS-2, stereograph ic thickness is about 50-80 meters and the net reservoir thickness is between 10-35 meters. For the other 8 reservoir formations, the highness is relatively small, scale of reserves is correspondingly small, which can be used as potential development reservoir.Due to the emulation of old well information, the reserve calculation unit is limited to â€Å"Central Thrust Fold Belt† main development layer series: MOBS-I, MOBS-2, MOBS-3, the calculation unit is shown in Table 1: Oilfield Development Layer Series Reservoir Top Depth (m) Reservoir Thickness(m) Delegate Said MOBS-I MOBS-2 1 WWW. 5 MOBS-3 >280 350 20 percent), major schedule delay (>20 percent), or poor plant operability after startup is over 30 percent. The need to find and develop new fields is pushing the upstream sector to the extremes in terms of both environment and technology.For the major western petroleum companies, there are few opportunities to extract oil and gas with minimal risk any longer. This is compo unded by an industry-wide skilled labor shortage. This shortage of skilled labor appears to be having a particularly adverse impact on turnarounds (shutdowns) in the refinery sector. Plant turnarounds are the periodic and planned shutdown of facilities to perform maintenance and/or install new equipment. Figure 1 shows the performance of 36 cent high-complexity refinery turnarounds.The average schedule delay is more than 35% and the average cost overrun is 25 percent. Perhaps more importantly, there is a large degree of variability in the performance as indicated by the bars which measure plus one and minus standard deviation. This means that the turnarounds are highly unpredictable. As these trends gather momentum, risks to project execution will only increase. The use and implementation of risk management systems varies widely across the oil and gas industry. Techniques range from simple spreadsheet based systems to more pesticides enterprise-wide software systems.For the most par t, project teams are identifying and tracking risks. However, effective quantification and implementation of response plans is lacking. Highest Rated Risks in Oil and Gas Sector Based on a database of risk registers we have identified what type of risks both project and turnaround teams are consistently rating as the most severe prior to the execution stage. In total, more than 25 risk registers of differing magnitude and granularity have been evaluated and sorted to reveal the dominant sources of perceived project risks in these sectors.For the most part, these teams used similar methodologies and tools to categorize projects within a common Risk Breakdown Structure (ORBS) as well as an applicable Work Breakdown Structures (WEBS). Individual project teams tend to slightly differ on their interpretation of risk categories and to which element within the ORBS the risk should be allocated. To overcome such deficiency, several basic and overarching categories have been introduced to ca pture all risks in a comparable manner. Capital Projects This analysis is based on nine major oil and gas projects.The combined number of kiss identified within the reviewed risk registers amounted to endured- eleven (1 1 1) after eliminating entries that are too high-level, unspecific, or may not qualify within the framework of this study. Subsequently, nine basic categories, such as Market/Commercial, Technology, and Organizational have been created to sort all qualified risks. Pursuant to the sorting, all categories have been counted to determine the rank-order, or priority of each category within the projects risk framework. Technology clearly topped the list, followed by Planning/Schedule and then Organizational.Project teams are consistently focused on ensuring that technical definition and design issues are well-defined prior to the execution stage and tend to view these issues as the ones with the both highest probability of occurrence and highest impact. The primary concern of these teams is to ensure that there is sufficient time to in the project definition phases to minimize the chances of late design changes during detailed design or construction Table (1) – Project Risk Rating Rated in order of Risk Severity RISK CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORIES 1 .Technology – Ensuring adequate technical definition ROR to detailed engineering – Use of new or unproven technology – Design flaws 2. Planning/Schedule – Permitting takes longer than anticipated – Long-lead times for major equipment 3. Organizational Adequate staffing, Effective team Integration and interface management – Partner alignment 4. Market/Commercial (Economic) Ensuring robust economic case (ROI) Cost escalation and budget constraints 5. Scope Definition Tie-ins with existing facilities (Brownfield modifications) – Adequate understanding of SOBS (Outside Battery Limits) interfaces 6.Procurement & Materials Availability of staff and supporting equ ipment 7. Commissioning &Startup (Operational) Interference with on-going operations 8. Health, Safety, and Environment Safety Incident Turnarounds This analysis based on 15 large-scale refinery turnarounds. The combined number of risks form these registers total over 300. The highest rated risk categories deal with obtaining adequate resources in a timely manner. The top rated category is Technical Support followed closely by Contracting and Labor. Both categories are a reflection of the challenges being faced by largesse refinery turnarounds in attracting enough skilled labor.In addition, turnaround teams are having increasing difficulty obtaining adequate internal technical support from other disciplines during the turnaround to deal with problems and trouble-shoot issues, particularly during the critical startup period. Table (2) – Turnaround Risk Rating ORBS category 1. Technical Support -Insufficient training and lack of both in house and contractor resources for startu p and trouble-shooting 2. Contracting and Labor -Limited availability of skilled craftsman and low quality labor 3. Planning, Scheduling, and Cost – Inadequate process/systems to engage discovery work 4.Scope Definition – Late engineering packages 5. Procurement and Materials – On time arrival of materials and procedures to handle and distribute materials 6. Startup & Operations – Insufficient number of operators available for startup 7. Shutdown and Chemical Cleaning – Cleaning and handover of units takes longer than anticipated 8. Organization and Communications – Poor understanding and communication of roles and responsibilities 9. Capital Projects & Integration – Late capital scope and/or incomplete, poorly defined engineering packages 10.Field Execution & Logistics Congestion, traffic, and offside personnel 11. Health, Safety, & Changes in safety procedures, inadequate understanding of new regulations and inexperienced workforce Payback Period Initial Cost of the Project in 2014 is USED 14,114,036 & initial Cost of Capital is USED 33,625,752. The Project Value in the Present Value with the assumptions of 6% inflation will be USED 25,067,150. Payback Period will be in the next 5 years Therefore based on the calculation of the payback plan, the company will be benefits in this project.The project will be benefits for the company besides the positive payback plan that will be in the positive investments in the 7 years of the company's project. It is also will be good opportunities for the company in channeling their assistance with the project since the company is working together with biggest oil company in Indonesia which is Pertain. The company will be benefits on this projects when the project can be success it will give some advantage or favor for the the company since when they are offering another project contract to Pertain since the performance of the current project will be success.

Definition and Examples of Isocolons in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Isocolons in Rhetoric Isocolon  is a  rhetorical term  for a succession of  phrases,  clauses, or  sentences  of approximately equal length and corresponding structure. Plural:  isocolons  or  isocola. An isocolon with three parallel members is known as a  tricolon. A four-part isocolon is a  tetracolon climax. Isocolon is particularly of interest, notes T.V.F. Brogan, because Aristotle mentions it in the  Rhetoric  as the  figure  that produces symmetry and balance in  speech  and, thus, creates  rhythmical  prose  or even measures in verse (Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 2012). Pronunciation   ai-so-CO-lon Etymology From the Greek, of equal members or clauses Examples and Observations Climate is what we expect; weather is what we get.​It takes a licking, but it keeps on ticking!(advertising slogan of Timex watches)Im a Pepper, hes a Pepper, shes a Pepper, were a PepperWouldnt you like to be a Pepper, too? Dr. Pepper!(advertising jingle for Dr. Pepper soft drink)Come then: let us to the task, to the battle, to the toileach to our part, each to our station. Fill the armies, rule the air, pour out the munitions, strangle the U-boats, sweep the mines, plow the land, build the ships, guard the streets, succor the wounded, uplift the downcast, and honor the brave.(Winston Churchill, speech given in Manchester, England, on January 29, 1940)Nothing thats beautiful hides its face. Nothing thats honest hides its name.(Orual in  Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold  by C.S. Lewis. Geoffrey Bles, 1956)Pity is the feeling which arrests the mind in the presence of whatsoever is grave and constant in human sufferings and unites it with the sufferer. Terror is the feeling which arrests the mind in the presence of whatsoever is grave and constant in human sufferings and unites it with the secret cause.(James Joyce,  A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1917) An inconvenience is only an adventure wrongly considered; an adventure is an inconvenience rightly considered.(G.K. Chesterton) Effects Created by Isocolon Isocolon... one of the most common and important rhetorical  figures, is the use of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases similar in length and parallel in structure. . . . In some cases of isocolon the structural match may be so complete that the number of  syllables  in each phrase is the same; in the more common case, the parallel clauses just use the same  parts of speech  in the same order. The device can produce pleasing  rhythyms, and the parallel structures it creates may helpfully reinforce a parallel substance in the speakers  claims... An excessive or clumsy use of the device can create too glaring a finish and too strong a sense of calculation.(Ward Farnsworth,  Farnsworths Classical English Rhetoric. David R. Godine, 2011) The Isocolon Habit Historians of  rhetoric  continually puzzle over why the  isocolon  habit so thrilled the Greeks when they first encountered it, why  antithesis  became, for a while, an  oratorical  obsession. Perhaps it allowed them, for the first time, to see their two-sided  arguments.(Richard A. Lanham,  Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003) The Difference Between Isocolon and Parison - Isocolon  is a sequence of  sentences  of equal length, as in Popes Equal your merits! equal is your din! (Dunciad  II, 244), where each sentence is assigned five syllables, iconizing the concept of equal distribution... Parison, also called  membrum, is a sequence of  clauses or phrases  of equal length.(Earl R. Anderson,  A Grammar of Iconism. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 1998) - The Tudor  rhetoricians  do not make the distinction between  isocolon  and  parison...The definitions of  parison  by Puttenham and Day make it identical with isocolon. The figure was in great favor among the Elizabethans as is seen from its schematic use not only in  Euphues  but in the work of Lylys imitators.(Sister Miriam Joseph,  Shakespeares Use of the Arts of Language. Columbia Univ. Press, 1947)

The Skeleton Crew essays

The Skeleton Crew essays 1.A huge storm hits the town where David is staying w/ his wife and son. 3. David and his neighbor start cleaning up outside. 4. They decide to go to the grocery store w/ Billy, his son, to get some lunch food. 5. Once they get there, a man comes in and warns everyone about the fog. 6. David gets a bad feeling and decides not to leave the store. 7. People start clearing out of the store. 8. Mrs. Carmody starts preaching to the grocery store about a terrible Armageddon. 9.The mist comes up and surrounds the grocery store and everything else. 10. The people sort of set up camp in the grocery store. 11.David goes into the backroom and hears gurgling noises from outside. 12. One of the stores checkout boys opens the storage doors a little. 13. A huge tentacle grabs him by the leg. 15. The men try to tell the other people, but they dont believe it. 16.Mrs. Carmody has now gathered some people together who all believe in the Armageddon. 17. David, Ollie, and several others decide to make investigations around the supermarket area. 18. During the day they go to the pharmacy, and huge spiders with acid webs chase after them. 19. They discover the only way to get away from the Mist Creatures are by not letting them smell you. 20. They decide to make a break for it. 21. Mrs. Carmody makes a big fuss and tries to stop them, so Ollie shoots her dead. 22. They get into Davids Scout and start driving south. 23. The mist is everywhere, so they stop at a gas station. 24. Youre left hanging at the end. No real ending to the story. 25. David tells the reader that all he has left is hope. c.) Situation- an interesting situation is when David goes to the back storage room due to a strong smell. When he gets back ...

Al Maqasid Al Sharia

Hence, Maqasid al-Shari’ah represents â€Å"the objectives and the rationale of the Shari’ah. It encompasses all disciplines, laws, regulations, policies, instructions, obligations, principles, beliefs, devotion and actions designed to protect the interest of human beings in all segments and aspects of life. Various scholars have tried to elucidate the purposes and the objectives of Shari’ah upon which it is established. Among these the exceptional individuals are the Malikite Abu Ishaqal-Shatibi, the Shafite al-‘Izz ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyyah. According to Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Shari‘ah aims at safeguarding people’s interest in this world and the Hereafter. Referring to the maqasid al-Shari‘ah , al-Ghazali said: â€Å"The objective of the Shari‘ah is to promote the welfare of human beings, which lies in safeguarding their faith, their life, their intellect, their posterity, and their wealth. Whatever ensures the safeguard of these five fundamentals serves public interest and is desirable†. Al-Shatibi approves al-Ghazali’s list and sequence,hereby indicating that they are the most preferable in terms of their harmony with essence of Shari’ah . Finally, Ibn Ashur provides a broader definition stating that: Both its general rules and specific proofs indicate that the all-purpose principle(maqsad ‘amm) of Islamic legislation is to preserve the social order of the community and insure its healthy progress by promoting the well-being and righteousness ( salah ) of that which prevails in it, namely, the human species. The well-being and virtue of human beings consist of the soundness of their intellect, the righteousness of their deeds as well as the goodness of the things of the world where they live that are put at their disposal. Maqasid al-Shari’ah : An Overview Maqasid al-Shari’ah calls for establishment of justice, elimination of unfairness and alleviation of privation. It endorses relationship and mutual support within the family and community in general. This has for outcome a preservation of public interest (maslahah) as the most important objective of the Shari’ah. Shari’ah recognizes three areas which constitute well- being, namely, endorsing benefits (maslahah ) to people, educating individual and establishing justice. One of the objectives and the underlying principle of the Shari’ah is endorsing benefits (maslahah) to the people. It is associated with people livelihood in this world and the Hereafter Qur’anic verse: â€Å"†¦ and establish regular prayer: for prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds; and remembrance of Allah is the greatest (thing In life) without doubt. and Allah knows the(Deeds) that ye do. † ( Al-Qur’an , Al-Ankabut: 45). Every verdict in Shari’ah appears with reasoning and with a purpose, which is to shelter and protect public interests (maslahah ) in all aspects and segments of life. It should also be observed that in specific occasions emergence of arguments between endorsement of benefit and avoidance of evil arise. If none appears to be preferable, then avoidance of evil takes precedence over the recognition of benefit. Educating individuals is an essential objective of Shari’ah, too. Education encourages people with faith and Taqwa (consciousness of Allah s. w. t. ) in order to accomplish public objectives. A truthful and moral person can emerge as representative of others and bearer of the ruling of Shari’ah related to ibadah , mu’amalah and jinayah. Lastly, one of the objectives of the Shari’ah is to maintain the standards of justice (‘adl ). It must be based on creation of equilibrium which accomplishes rights and responsibilities on one side, and abolishes unfairness and inequality on the other. It must embrace both individual and social justice, regardless whether it is a case of friend or foe, Muslim or non-Muslim, personal or public. Illicit behaviors and wrongdoings are disapproved and punished in order to avoid injustice as it is undesirable and contradictory with the philosophy of Qur’an and the Maqasid al-Shari’ah. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAQASID As already indicated the ulema have differed in their approach to the identification of the maqasid. The first approach to be noted is the purely textualist approach, which confines the identification of the maqasid to the clear text, the commands and prohibitions, which are in themselves the carriers of the maqasid. The maqasid, according to this view, have no separate existence as such. Provided that a command or prohibition is tasrihi (explicit) and ibtida’i (normative) it in itself conveys the maqsud of the Lawgiver. Although it is generally accepted that textual injunctions must be respected and observed as manifestations of the intentions of the Lawgiver, the majority approach to the identification of the maqasid takes into consideration not only the text but also the underlying ’illah or rationale of the text. 10 The chief exponent of Al-Maqasid, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Shatibi , spoke affirmatively of the need to respect and observe the explicit injunctions, but added, that adherence to the obvious text must not be so rigid as to alienate the rationale and purpose of the text from its words and sentences. Such rigidity could, of course, then be just as much contrary to the maqsud of the Lawgiver as would be in the case of a conscious and direct neglect of that law. The preferred approach then is to read the text, whether it is of a command or a prohibition, in conjunction with its rationale and objective, for this is most likely to bear the greatest harmony with the intention of the Lawgiver. 11 Al- Shatibi elaborated that the maqasid that are known from such a comprehensive reading of the text are of two types, asliyyah (primary) and tab’iyyah (secondary). The former are the essential maqasid, or the daruriyyah, which the mukallaf must observe and protect regardless of his personal predilections, whereas the latter, the supplementary maqasid, or the hajiyyat, are those regarding which the mukallaf has some flexibility and choice. The comprehensive approach to the textual injunctions of the Shari’ah has given rise to two important questions. Firstly, the question that seeks to establish whether the means to a command, a wajib (obligation) or a haram (prohibition), should also be seen as integral to the goal and objective that is sought by that command. The general response given to this question is that supplementary aspects of commands and prohibitions are indeed integral to their objectives. Thus, it is generally accepted that whatever might be necessary for the completion of a wajib is also a part of that wajib, and that whatever may lead to a haram is also haram. There has, however, been some disagreement on this, emerging from certain areas of detail. The second question concerns the silence of the Lawgiver in respect of certain conducts, especially where a general reading of the relevant evidence casts light on the value of that conduct. The question may be formulated as follows: We know that the maqasid can be known from clear injunctions, but can they also be known from a general reading of the nusus (clear textual rulings) by way of induction? Al-Shatibi’s response to this question is possibly the most original. Page 5 of 7 Istiqra’ (induction), according to al-Shatibi, is one of the most important methods for identifying the maqasid of the Shari’ah. There may be various textual references to a subject, none of which may be in the nature of a decisive injunction. Yet their collective weight is such that it leaves little doubt as to the meaning that is to be obtained from them. A decisive conclusion may thus be arrived at from a plurality of inclining expressions. Al-Shatibi illustrates this with an important example. Nowhere in the Qur’an is there a specific declaration to the effect that the Shari’ah has been enacted for the benefit of the people, and yet, this must be the definitive conclusion that is to be drawn from the collective reading of a variety of textual proclamations. 12 To illustrate the point further we may give two more examples. There is no specific declaration in the textual sources on the classification of the maqasid into the three categories of daruriyyah, hajiyyah and tahsiniyyah or on the conclusion that the Lawgiver has intended that these maqasid must be protected — and yet, through istiqra’, this classification and conclusion has generally been accepted by the ulema. Again, there is no specific textual declaration espousing the claim that the protection of the five values of life, intellect, faith, lineage and property is of the most primary importance to the Shari’ah — but once again, through istiqra’, this has also been generally accepted by the ulema. It is also to be noted that the inductive method is not confined to the identification of maqasid-cum-masalih alone, but extends to commands and prohibitions. 15 Conclusions arrived at through istiqra’, such as those in the above paragraph, are of great overall importance to the understanding and implementation of the Shari’ah. They are not to be seen as being subject to doubt or lacking in credibility by way of being based on speculative reasoning. 14 In fact, al-Shatibi’s own position on this was to go so far as saying that the conclusions and positions established through istiqra’ are he general premises and overriding objectives of the Shari’ah, over and above the level of the specific rules. Al-Shatibi’s approach to the method of induction is reminiscent of knowledge that is acquired of the personality and character of an individual through a sustained association and observation of conduct of that individual. This kind of knowledge is b road and holistic as it is enriched with insight, and is likely to be more reliable compared to, say, knowledge based only on the observation of odd and isolated incidents in the daily activities of that individual. AL-MAQASID AND IJTIHAD Having expounded his theory of Al-Maqasid, al-Shatibi advocated and accentuated the need for knowledge of the science of Al-Maqasid as a prerequisite to the attainment of the rank of a mujtahid (jurist). Throughout Muslim history, those who neglected acquiring mastery over the science of Al-Maqasid did so at their own peril, as it made them liable to error in ijtihad. Included amongst these were the ahl al-bida’ (the proponents of pernicious innovations), who only looked at the apparent text of the Qur’an without pondering over its ultimate aims and objectives. These innovators (an allusion to the Kharijites) held steadfastly to the literal text of even the mutashabihah (the intricate segments of the Qur’an) and premised many conclusions on them. They took a fragmented and atomistic approach to the reading of the Qur’an, which failed to tie up the relevant parts of the text together. The leading ulema have, on the other hand, always viewed the Shari’ah as a unity, in which the detailed rules were to be read in the light of their broader premises and objectives. 6 Ibn ’Ashur, the author of another landmark work on Al-Maqasid, also stressed that knowledge of the science of Al-Maqasid was indispensable to ijtihad in all its manifestations. 1 Some ulema, who confined the scope of their ijtihad only to literal interpretations, found it possible, ibn ‘Ashur observed, to project their personal opinions into the words of the text, but fell into error as they were out of touch with the general spirit and purpose of the surrounding evidence. We may illustrate this by reference to the differential views taken by the ulema with respect to whether the Zakah on commodities, such as wheat and dates, must be given in kind or could also be given in their monetary equivalent. The Hanafis validated the possibility of this substitution, but some ulema held otherwise. The Hanafi view was founded on the analysis that the purpose of Zakah was to satisfy the needs of the poor, which could just as easily be achieved with the monetary equivalent of the commodity. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah likewise observed that where the ahadith on the subject of sadaqah al-fitr (the charity due on the Eid after Ramadan) sometimes referred to dates and at other times to raisins or food grains, the common purpose in all this was to satisfy the needs of the poor, which could be done with any of these staple foods of Madinah and its environs at that time. The purpose in any of these ahadith was not to confine the payment of the sadaqah to a particular commodity. A similar example relates to the issue of whether a person may pay his Zakat ahead of time, that is, prior to the expiry of the one year period when it becomes due, and whether he is liable to pay again if he has already paid before that time. Imam Malik, drawing an analogy with Salah, ruled affirmatively that the person would be liable to pay again. Subsequent Maliki jurists, including Ibn al-‘Arabi and Ibn Rushd, however, disagreed with this position and ruled that early payment of Zakah was permissible. Indeed, if someone performs his Salah before its due time, he must perform it again at its proper time. But, there is a difference between Salah and Zakah, in that the former is time-bound to specific times but the latter is not in any such similar ways. Hence, Zakah may be paid earlier, especially if it is prepaid by only a few weeks. Scholars who have taken a non-literalist approach, on the other hand, have often been criticised for departing from certain parts of the textual sources. Imam Abu Hanifah, for example, was criticised by the Ahl al-Hadith (the Traditionalists), for having departed on occasions from the wordings of particular ahadith. It turns out upon closer inspection, however, that such scholars departed from the text only when they had reached a different conclusion by reading that particular text in the context of the of the other relevant evidence in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Disharmony and conflict between the aims and objectives of the Shari’ah and its specific rulings may arise latently. A mujtahid or a judge may issue a ruling or a decision which appears at that time to be consistent with the text and maqsud of the Shari’ah. With time and further scrutiny, however, it may prove to be not so consistent. A judge may, for example, uphold a duly signed contract and make it binding on the parties. With time, however, the contract may prove to be grossly unfair on one of the parties. In such an eventuality the judge or the mujtahid can hardly ignore the attendant unfairness and insist on the strict adherence to the letter of the contract. Indeed, according to the Shari’ah laws of obligations, a contract is no longer a governing instrument between the shari’ah al-‘aqidayn (the contracting parties) if it becomes an instrument of injustice. The judge must therefore, in order to uphold the maqsud of justice, a primary and all-pervasive characteristic objective of the Shari’ah, set aside the contract. The judge or the mujtahid must, likewise, give priority to the maqasid whenever there is such a latent discord. These discords or conflicts are most likely to occur where the specific rulings have been arrived at through the doctrine of Qiyas (Analogy). Thus, where a rigid adherence to Qiyas may lead to unsatisfactory results, recourse may be had to Istihsan (Juristic Preference) in order to obtain an alternative ruling that is in greater harmony with the objectives of the Shari’ah. An important feature of the ‘Maqasidi’ (objectives-based) approach in relation to ijtihad and the formulation of specific rules is the attention that the mujtahid must pay to the consequences of his rulings. Indeed, an ijtihad or fatwa would be deficient if it failed to contemplate its own ma’alat (consequences). The importance of such contemplation is demonstrated by the Prophet’s Sunnah. Therein, we note instances where the Prophet paid much attention to the possible consequences of his rulings, often in preference to other considerations. Thus, for example, although acutely aware of the treason and subversive activities of the Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), without and within the Muslim community, we find that he decided not to pursue them, stating simply that â€Å"I fear people might say that Muhammad kills his own Companions†. Similarly, although he personally would have liked very much to accept and execute ‘A’ishah Siddiqah’s suggestion to restore the Ka’bah to its original proportions, as founded by the patriarch Prophet, Ibrahim, again, we find that he decided not to, saying â€Å"I would have done so if I didn’t fear that this may induce our people into disbelief†. In both these instances, therefore, the Prophet did not take what would have been thought to be the normal course because of a foresight of the potential adverse consequences. Finally, we must turn to ijtihad in the context of crimes and penalties. Of course, the normal procedure here is to apply the punishment whenever the cause and occasion for it is present. There may, however, be instances where to pardon the offender would be a more preferable course to take. The mujtahid and the judge must remain open and alert to such possibilities and reflect them in their judgements whenever so required. Al-Shatibi has in this connection drawn a subtle distinction between the normal ’illah that invokes a particular ruling in a given case and what he terms as ‘illah tahqiq manat al-khas (the verification of the particular) in the issuance of ijtihad and judgement. The mujtahid (scholar) may investigate the normal ‘illah and identify it in the case, for example, of a poor person who qualifies to be a recipient of zakah, but such an enquiry may take a different course when it is related to a particular individual as to what might seem appropriate or inappropriate to be applied in a particular case. The mujtahid needs therefore to be learned not only of the law and specific evidence but must also have acumen and insight to render judgements that are enlightened by both the overall consequences as well as the special circumstances of each case. CLASSIFICATION OF MAQASID AL SHARI’AH Although there are different classifications of maqasid al-Shari‘ah , Muslim cholarsgenerally classified them into three main categories: daruriyyat (essentials), hajiyyat (needs)and tahsiniyyat (embellishments). The essentials ( daruriyyat ) are particulars that are required and considered as vital for the founding of wellbeing in this world and the Hereafter. If society in some way neglects them, the outcome will be anarchy together with disorder of the functionality of the society which will result in total collapse. The essential masalih (plural of maslahah) or daruriyyat are further divided into five: (i) Preservation of faith/religion (Din); (ii) Preservation of the life(afs); (iii) Preservation of lineage/descendents/procreation (asl ); (iv) Preservation of property ( Mal ); and (v) Preservation of intellect/reason (‘Aql ). The embracement of the mentioned values is obligatory to ensure normal functioning of society and welfare of individuals. It is an obligation of society and people to implement all necessary measures to prevent or eliminate all the barriers that will hinder the realization of these values. The Shari’ah constantly seeks to embrace and endorse these values and enhance procedures for their continuation and progression. Furthermore, Islam as religion is greatly concerned with eradication of poverty and hardship of individuals and community, which is in consistency with the aims of Shari’ah. This is to ensure that people have prosperous life and that there will be no disruption to their normal life. The needs (hajiyyat ) serve as complementary to the essentials. Without the needs, people will face hardship. However, non-existence of the needs will not create complete disruption of the normal order of life as is the case with the essentials. Ibn Ashur defined the meaning of complementary necessities in the following manner: â€Å"It consists of what is needed by the community for the achievement of its interest and the proper functioning of its affairs. If it is neglected, the social order will not actually collapse but will not function well. Likewise, it is not on the level of what is indispensable (daruri ). The embellishments ( tahsiniyyat ) relate to matters which bestow enhancement in the societyand guide to improved life. The admirable illustrations are Shari’ah ’s guidelines as clean body and attire for purpose of prayer, offering charity and avoiding lavishness and recommendation of supererogatory prayers (‘ibadat ). The rationale of all these are the accomplishment of integrity and perfection in entire fields of a person’s behavior. However, without these values the society will still be able to function and normal life process will not be interrupted. The illustrations of these matters are: voluntary ( sadaqah),and ethical and moral rules, and others. MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH AND ISLAMIC FINANCE The significance of the Maqasid al-Shari’ah in Islamic finance originates from the perspective of the wealth in Islamic law. This significance relates also to the objectives of the Islamic law in finance and business transactions and to the overall goals of Shari’ah in wealth. The protection and preservation of the wealth is categorized in the sphere of necessary matters (daruriyyat). In previous section it has been elaborated that essentials necessities are those which, without their preservation, there would be disorder and anarchy in society. The abolishment of preservation for these matters would have for result loss of everything that we embrace as valued (Ibn Ashur, 2006). This characterization and classification of Maqasid al-Shari’ah demonstrates the most important position of the wealth and the substance of the finance in Islamic law. Therefore, it must be highlighted here that the finance is recognized by Maqasid al-Shari’ah as valuable aspect of life. Furthermore, the finance is preserved by Islamic law in form of Islamic lawful decisions and guidelines. It is essentially important to stress on the realization of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in the current Islamic finance transactions because of the several important reasons. First, there is a strong relationship between the objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah and the objectives of business transactions, as can be observed from the position of the wealth within Islamic law and Maqasid al-Shari’ah that requests the preservation of wealth in everyday business activities and the promotion of socially responsible activities. As a result, if objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in business transactions are neglected, it may result in poverty and anarchy. Second, the business transactions in domestic and international trade should be based on the principles of Islamic law, and the fundamental objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in finance and business shall be applied as core guidelines to implement all types of financial transactions. Third, the particular objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in business transactions must have perpetuity and constant outlook of the universal objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah . Last but not the least, the regulations of business transactions should be within the rules and the requirements of Maqasid al-Shari’ah and Islamic law. In other words, Maqasid al-Shari’ah must administer and regulate the Shari’ah principle of the Islamic finance. CONCLUSION The purpose of every civilization is to promote peace, prosperity, and freedom for its own members and for all others through compassionate justice. The challenge for all of us therefore is how to do this. Hence, The One (Allah) Who creates knows, surely the One Who knows will speak. Since He will speak, surely He will speak to those who possess consciousness and thought, and those who will understand His speech. Since He will speak to those who possess thought, surely he will speak to mankind, whose nature and awareness are the most comprehensive of all conscious beings and indeed He has done by revealing the Quran. As much as we understand Maqasid al-Shari’ah which are undoubtedly rooted in the textual injunctions of the Qur’an and Sunnah, we will achieve the goal and purpose that is advocated and upheld. 1. MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH IN ISLAMIC FINANCE: AN OVERVIEW, by mirza vejzagic 2. AL-MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH THE OBJECTIVES OF ISLAMIC LAW, Mohammed Hashim Kamali 3. Maqasid al Shari’ah: Strategy to Rehabilitate Religion in America by Dr. Robert D. Crane 4. The Collection of Risale-i Nur, The Letters by Said Nursi Al Maqasid Al Sharia Hence, Maqasid al-Shari’ah represents â€Å"the objectives and the rationale of the Shari’ah. It encompasses all disciplines, laws, regulations, policies, instructions, obligations, principles, beliefs, devotion and actions designed to protect the interest of human beings in all segments and aspects of life. Various scholars have tried to elucidate the purposes and the objectives of Shari’ah upon which it is established. Among these the exceptional individuals are the Malikite Abu Ishaqal-Shatibi, the Shafite al-‘Izz ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyyah. According to Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Shari‘ah aims at safeguarding people’s interest in this world and the Hereafter. Referring to the maqasid al-Shari‘ah , al-Ghazali said: â€Å"The objective of the Shari‘ah is to promote the welfare of human beings, which lies in safeguarding their faith, their life, their intellect, their posterity, and their wealth. Whatever ensures the safeguard of these five fundamentals serves public interest and is desirable†. Al-Shatibi approves al-Ghazali’s list and sequence,hereby indicating that they are the most preferable in terms of their harmony with essence of Shari’ah . Finally, Ibn Ashur provides a broader definition stating that: Both its general rules and specific proofs indicate that the all-purpose principle(maqsad ‘amm) of Islamic legislation is to preserve the social order of the community and insure its healthy progress by promoting the well-being and righteousness ( salah ) of that which prevails in it, namely, the human species. The well-being and virtue of human beings consist of the soundness of their intellect, the righteousness of their deeds as well as the goodness of the things of the world where they live that are put at their disposal. Maqasid al-Shari’ah : An Overview Maqasid al-Shari’ah calls for establishment of justice, elimination of unfairness and alleviation of privation. It endorses relationship and mutual support within the family and community in general. This has for outcome a preservation of public interest (maslahah) as the most important objective of the Shari’ah. Shari’ah recognizes three areas which constitute well- being, namely, endorsing benefits (maslahah ) to people, educating individual and establishing justice. One of the objectives and the underlying principle of the Shari’ah is endorsing benefits (maslahah) to the people. It is associated with people livelihood in this world and the Hereafter Qur’anic verse: â€Å"†¦ and establish regular prayer: for prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds; and remembrance of Allah is the greatest (thing In life) without doubt. and Allah knows the(Deeds) that ye do. † ( Al-Qur’an , Al-Ankabut: 45). Every verdict in Shari’ah appears with reasoning and with a purpose, which is to shelter and protect public interests (maslahah ) in all aspects and segments of life. It should also be observed that in specific occasions emergence of arguments between endorsement of benefit and avoidance of evil arise. If none appears to be preferable, then avoidance of evil takes precedence over the recognition of benefit. Educating individuals is an essential objective of Shari’ah, too. Education encourages people with faith and Taqwa (consciousness of Allah s. w. t. ) in order to accomplish public objectives. A truthful and moral person can emerge as representative of others and bearer of the ruling of Shari’ah related to ibadah , mu’amalah and jinayah. Lastly, one of the objectives of the Shari’ah is to maintain the standards of justice (‘adl ). It must be based on creation of equilibrium which accomplishes rights and responsibilities on one side, and abolishes unfairness and inequality on the other. It must embrace both individual and social justice, regardless whether it is a case of friend or foe, Muslim or non-Muslim, personal or public. Illicit behaviors and wrongdoings are disapproved and punished in order to avoid injustice as it is undesirable and contradictory with the philosophy of Qur’an and the Maqasid al-Shari’ah. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAQASID As already indicated the ulema have differed in their approach to the identification of the maqasid. The first approach to be noted is the purely textualist approach, which confines the identification of the maqasid to the clear text, the commands and prohibitions, which are in themselves the carriers of the maqasid. The maqasid, according to this view, have no separate existence as such. Provided that a command or prohibition is tasrihi (explicit) and ibtida’i (normative) it in itself conveys the maqsud of the Lawgiver. Although it is generally accepted that textual injunctions must be respected and observed as manifestations of the intentions of the Lawgiver, the majority approach to the identification of the maqasid takes into consideration not only the text but also the underlying ’illah or rationale of the text. 10 The chief exponent of Al-Maqasid, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Shatibi , spoke affirmatively of the need to respect and observe the explicit injunctions, but added, that adherence to the obvious text must not be so rigid as to alienate the rationale and purpose of the text from its words and sentences. Such rigidity could, of course, then be just as much contrary to the maqsud of the Lawgiver as would be in the case of a conscious and direct neglect of that law. The preferred approach then is to read the text, whether it is of a command or a prohibition, in conjunction with its rationale and objective, for this is most likely to bear the greatest harmony with the intention of the Lawgiver. 11 Al- Shatibi elaborated that the maqasid that are known from such a comprehensive reading of the text are of two types, asliyyah (primary) and tab’iyyah (secondary). The former are the essential maqasid, or the daruriyyah, which the mukallaf must observe and protect regardless of his personal predilections, whereas the latter, the supplementary maqasid, or the hajiyyat, are those regarding which the mukallaf has some flexibility and choice. The comprehensive approach to the textual injunctions of the Shari’ah has given rise to two important questions. Firstly, the question that seeks to establish whether the means to a command, a wajib (obligation) or a haram (prohibition), should also be seen as integral to the goal and objective that is sought by that command. The general response given to this question is that supplementary aspects of commands and prohibitions are indeed integral to their objectives. Thus, it is generally accepted that whatever might be necessary for the completion of a wajib is also a part of that wajib, and that whatever may lead to a haram is also haram. There has, however, been some disagreement on this, emerging from certain areas of detail. The second question concerns the silence of the Lawgiver in respect of certain conducts, especially where a general reading of the relevant evidence casts light on the value of that conduct. The question may be formulated as follows: We know that the maqasid can be known from clear injunctions, but can they also be known from a general reading of the nusus (clear textual rulings) by way of induction? Al-Shatibi’s response to this question is possibly the most original. Page 5 of 7 Istiqra’ (induction), according to al-Shatibi, is one of the most important methods for identifying the maqasid of the Shari’ah. There may be various textual references to a subject, none of which may be in the nature of a decisive injunction. Yet their collective weight is such that it leaves little doubt as to the meaning that is to be obtained from them. A decisive conclusion may thus be arrived at from a plurality of inclining expressions. Al-Shatibi illustrates this with an important example. Nowhere in the Qur’an is there a specific declaration to the effect that the Shari’ah has been enacted for the benefit of the people, and yet, this must be the definitive conclusion that is to be drawn from the collective reading of a variety of textual proclamations. 12 To illustrate the point further we may give two more examples. There is no specific declaration in the textual sources on the classification of the maqasid into the three categories of daruriyyah, hajiyyah and tahsiniyyah or on the conclusion that the Lawgiver has intended that these maqasid must be protected — and yet, through istiqra’, this classification and conclusion has generally been accepted by the ulema. Again, there is no specific textual declaration espousing the claim that the protection of the five values of life, intellect, faith, lineage and property is of the most primary importance to the Shari’ah — but once again, through istiqra’, this has also been generally accepted by the ulema. It is also to be noted that the inductive method is not confined to the identification of maqasid-cum-masalih alone, but extends to commands and prohibitions. 15 Conclusions arrived at through istiqra’, such as those in the above paragraph, are of great overall importance to the understanding and implementation of the Shari’ah. They are not to be seen as being subject to doubt or lacking in credibility by way of being based on speculative reasoning. 14 In fact, al-Shatibi’s own position on this was to go so far as saying that the conclusions and positions established through istiqra’ are he general premises and overriding objectives of the Shari’ah, over and above the level of the specific rules. Al-Shatibi’s approach to the method of induction is reminiscent of knowledge that is acquired of the personality and character of an individual through a sustained association and observation of conduct of that individual. This kind of knowledge is b road and holistic as it is enriched with insight, and is likely to be more reliable compared to, say, knowledge based only on the observation of odd and isolated incidents in the daily activities of that individual. AL-MAQASID AND IJTIHAD Having expounded his theory of Al-Maqasid, al-Shatibi advocated and accentuated the need for knowledge of the science of Al-Maqasid as a prerequisite to the attainment of the rank of a mujtahid (jurist). Throughout Muslim history, those who neglected acquiring mastery over the science of Al-Maqasid did so at their own peril, as it made them liable to error in ijtihad. Included amongst these were the ahl al-bida’ (the proponents of pernicious innovations), who only looked at the apparent text of the Qur’an without pondering over its ultimate aims and objectives. These innovators (an allusion to the Kharijites) held steadfastly to the literal text of even the mutashabihah (the intricate segments of the Qur’an) and premised many conclusions on them. They took a fragmented and atomistic approach to the reading of the Qur’an, which failed to tie up the relevant parts of the text together. The leading ulema have, on the other hand, always viewed the Shari’ah as a unity, in which the detailed rules were to be read in the light of their broader premises and objectives. 6 Ibn ’Ashur, the author of another landmark work on Al-Maqasid, also stressed that knowledge of the science of Al-Maqasid was indispensable to ijtihad in all its manifestations. 1 Some ulema, who confined the scope of their ijtihad only to literal interpretations, found it possible, ibn ‘Ashur observed, to project their personal opinions into the words of the text, but fell into error as they were out of touch with the general spirit and purpose of the surrounding evidence. We may illustrate this by reference to the differential views taken by the ulema with respect to whether the Zakah on commodities, such as wheat and dates, must be given in kind or could also be given in their monetary equivalent. The Hanafis validated the possibility of this substitution, but some ulema held otherwise. The Hanafi view was founded on the analysis that the purpose of Zakah was to satisfy the needs of the poor, which could just as easily be achieved with the monetary equivalent of the commodity. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah likewise observed that where the ahadith on the subject of sadaqah al-fitr (the charity due on the Eid after Ramadan) sometimes referred to dates and at other times to raisins or food grains, the common purpose in all this was to satisfy the needs of the poor, which could be done with any of these staple foods of Madinah and its environs at that time. The purpose in any of these ahadith was not to confine the payment of the sadaqah to a particular commodity. A similar example relates to the issue of whether a person may pay his Zakat ahead of time, that is, prior to the expiry of the one year period when it becomes due, and whether he is liable to pay again if he has already paid before that time. Imam Malik, drawing an analogy with Salah, ruled affirmatively that the person would be liable to pay again. Subsequent Maliki jurists, including Ibn al-‘Arabi and Ibn Rushd, however, disagreed with this position and ruled that early payment of Zakah was permissible. Indeed, if someone performs his Salah before its due time, he must perform it again at its proper time. But, there is a difference between Salah and Zakah, in that the former is time-bound to specific times but the latter is not in any such similar ways. Hence, Zakah may be paid earlier, especially if it is prepaid by only a few weeks. Scholars who have taken a non-literalist approach, on the other hand, have often been criticised for departing from certain parts of the textual sources. Imam Abu Hanifah, for example, was criticised by the Ahl al-Hadith (the Traditionalists), for having departed on occasions from the wordings of particular ahadith. It turns out upon closer inspection, however, that such scholars departed from the text only when they had reached a different conclusion by reading that particular text in the context of the of the other relevant evidence in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Disharmony and conflict between the aims and objectives of the Shari’ah and its specific rulings may arise latently. A mujtahid or a judge may issue a ruling or a decision which appears at that time to be consistent with the text and maqsud of the Shari’ah. With time and further scrutiny, however, it may prove to be not so consistent. A judge may, for example, uphold a duly signed contract and make it binding on the parties. With time, however, the contract may prove to be grossly unfair on one of the parties. In such an eventuality the judge or the mujtahid can hardly ignore the attendant unfairness and insist on the strict adherence to the letter of the contract. Indeed, according to the Shari’ah laws of obligations, a contract is no longer a governing instrument between the shari’ah al-‘aqidayn (the contracting parties) if it becomes an instrument of injustice. The judge must therefore, in order to uphold the maqsud of justice, a primary and all-pervasive characteristic objective of the Shari’ah, set aside the contract. The judge or the mujtahid must, likewise, give priority to the maqasid whenever there is such a latent discord. These discords or conflicts are most likely to occur where the specific rulings have been arrived at through the doctrine of Qiyas (Analogy). Thus, where a rigid adherence to Qiyas may lead to unsatisfactory results, recourse may be had to Istihsan (Juristic Preference) in order to obtain an alternative ruling that is in greater harmony with the objectives of the Shari’ah. An important feature of the ‘Maqasidi’ (objectives-based) approach in relation to ijtihad and the formulation of specific rules is the attention that the mujtahid must pay to the consequences of his rulings. Indeed, an ijtihad or fatwa would be deficient if it failed to contemplate its own ma’alat (consequences). The importance of such contemplation is demonstrated by the Prophet’s Sunnah. Therein, we note instances where the Prophet paid much attention to the possible consequences of his rulings, often in preference to other considerations. Thus, for example, although acutely aware of the treason and subversive activities of the Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), without and within the Muslim community, we find that he decided not to pursue them, stating simply that â€Å"I fear people might say that Muhammad kills his own Companions†. Similarly, although he personally would have liked very much to accept and execute ‘A’ishah Siddiqah’s suggestion to restore the Ka’bah to its original proportions, as founded by the patriarch Prophet, Ibrahim, again, we find that he decided not to, saying â€Å"I would have done so if I didn’t fear that this may induce our people into disbelief†. In both these instances, therefore, the Prophet did not take what would have been thought to be the normal course because of a foresight of the potential adverse consequences. Finally, we must turn to ijtihad in the context of crimes and penalties. Of course, the normal procedure here is to apply the punishment whenever the cause and occasion for it is present. There may, however, be instances where to pardon the offender would be a more preferable course to take. The mujtahid and the judge must remain open and alert to such possibilities and reflect them in their judgements whenever so required. Al-Shatibi has in this connection drawn a subtle distinction between the normal ’illah that invokes a particular ruling in a given case and what he terms as ‘illah tahqiq manat al-khas (the verification of the particular) in the issuance of ijtihad and judgement. The mujtahid (scholar) may investigate the normal ‘illah and identify it in the case, for example, of a poor person who qualifies to be a recipient of zakah, but such an enquiry may take a different course when it is related to a particular individual as to what might seem appropriate or inappropriate to be applied in a particular case. The mujtahid needs therefore to be learned not only of the law and specific evidence but must also have acumen and insight to render judgements that are enlightened by both the overall consequences as well as the special circumstances of each case. CLASSIFICATION OF MAQASID AL SHARI’AH Although there are different classifications of maqasid al-Shari‘ah , Muslim cholarsgenerally classified them into three main categories: daruriyyat (essentials), hajiyyat (needs)and tahsiniyyat (embellishments). The essentials ( daruriyyat ) are particulars that are required and considered as vital for the founding of wellbeing in this world and the Hereafter. If society in some way neglects them, the outcome will be anarchy together with disorder of the functionality of the society which will result in total collapse. The essential masalih (plural of maslahah) or daruriyyat are further divided into five: (i) Preservation of faith/religion (Din); (ii) Preservation of the life(afs); (iii) Preservation of lineage/descendents/procreation (asl ); (iv) Preservation of property ( Mal ); and (v) Preservation of intellect/reason (‘Aql ). The embracement of the mentioned values is obligatory to ensure normal functioning of society and welfare of individuals. It is an obligation of society and people to implement all necessary measures to prevent or eliminate all the barriers that will hinder the realization of these values. The Shari’ah constantly seeks to embrace and endorse these values and enhance procedures for their continuation and progression. Furthermore, Islam as religion is greatly concerned with eradication of poverty and hardship of individuals and community, which is in consistency with the aims of Shari’ah. This is to ensure that people have prosperous life and that there will be no disruption to their normal life. The needs (hajiyyat ) serve as complementary to the essentials. Without the needs, people will face hardship. However, non-existence of the needs will not create complete disruption of the normal order of life as is the case with the essentials. Ibn Ashur defined the meaning of complementary necessities in the following manner: â€Å"It consists of what is needed by the community for the achievement of its interest and the proper functioning of its affairs. If it is neglected, the social order will not actually collapse but will not function well. Likewise, it is not on the level of what is indispensable (daruri ). The embellishments ( tahsiniyyat ) relate to matters which bestow enhancement in the societyand guide to improved life. The admirable illustrations are Shari’ah ’s guidelines as clean body and attire for purpose of prayer, offering charity and avoiding lavishness and recommendation of supererogatory prayers (‘ibadat ). The rationale of all these are the accomplishment of integrity and perfection in entire fields of a person’s behavior. However, without these values the society will still be able to function and normal life process will not be interrupted. The illustrations of these matters are: voluntary ( sadaqah),and ethical and moral rules, and others. MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH AND ISLAMIC FINANCE The significance of the Maqasid al-Shari’ah in Islamic finance originates from the perspective of the wealth in Islamic law. This significance relates also to the objectives of the Islamic law in finance and business transactions and to the overall goals of Shari’ah in wealth. The protection and preservation of the wealth is categorized in the sphere of necessary matters (daruriyyat). In previous section it has been elaborated that essentials necessities are those which, without their preservation, there would be disorder and anarchy in society. The abolishment of preservation for these matters would have for result loss of everything that we embrace as valued (Ibn Ashur, 2006). This characterization and classification of Maqasid al-Shari’ah demonstrates the most important position of the wealth and the substance of the finance in Islamic law. Therefore, it must be highlighted here that the finance is recognized by Maqasid al-Shari’ah as valuable aspect of life. Furthermore, the finance is preserved by Islamic law in form of Islamic lawful decisions and guidelines. It is essentially important to stress on the realization of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in the current Islamic finance transactions because of the several important reasons. First, there is a strong relationship between the objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah and the objectives of business transactions, as can be observed from the position of the wealth within Islamic law and Maqasid al-Shari’ah that requests the preservation of wealth in everyday business activities and the promotion of socially responsible activities. As a result, if objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in business transactions are neglected, it may result in poverty and anarchy. Second, the business transactions in domestic and international trade should be based on the principles of Islamic law, and the fundamental objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in finance and business shall be applied as core guidelines to implement all types of financial transactions. Third, the particular objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah in business transactions must have perpetuity and constant outlook of the universal objectives of Maqasid al-Shari’ah . Last but not the least, the regulations of business transactions should be within the rules and the requirements of Maqasid al-Shari’ah and Islamic law. In other words, Maqasid al-Shari’ah must administer and regulate the Shari’ah principle of the Islamic finance. CONCLUSION The purpose of every civilization is to promote peace, prosperity, and freedom for its own members and for all others through compassionate justice. The challenge for all of us therefore is how to do this. Hence, The One (Allah) Who creates knows, surely the One Who knows will speak. Since He will speak, surely He will speak to those who possess consciousness and thought, and those who will understand His speech. Since He will speak to those who possess thought, surely he will speak to mankind, whose nature and awareness are the most comprehensive of all conscious beings and indeed He has done by revealing the Quran. As much as we understand Maqasid al-Shari’ah which are undoubtedly rooted in the textual injunctions of the Qur’an and Sunnah, we will achieve the goal and purpose that is advocated and upheld. 1. MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH IN ISLAMIC FINANCE: AN OVERVIEW, by mirza vejzagic 2. AL-MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH THE OBJECTIVES OF ISLAMIC LAW, Mohammed Hashim Kamali 3. Maqasid al Shari’ah: Strategy to Rehabilitate Religion in America by Dr. Robert D. Crane 4. The Collection of Risale-i Nur, The Letters by Said Nursi