Essay on The Bible and Capital Punishment - 1432 Words

The Bible and Capital Punishment What Does Christianity Tell Us To Do In Case Of Extreme Crime? Capital Punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, is one of the most controversial problems of our society today. There are many stands you can take with it: yes; no; maybe; only in this situation; only if this doesn’t happen. Even the Bible is undecided about what to do with people who commit such horrendous crimes. The Bible first mentions what to do in case of extreme crime in Genesis 4:11-15. In this passage, the Bible is talking about two brothers, Cain and Able, who have presented gifts to God. After God denied Cain’s gifts and instead accepted Able’s, Cain became outraged and killed his brother. The Bible tells us†¦show more content†¦The only way that you can change that is to kill the murder (25:3334) (‘Biblical Penalty for Murder’). Murder is not the only thing that the Bible allows death as a punishment for. According to an outline called ‘The Bible and Capital Punishment,† the old Testament gives twenty-one â⠂¬Ëœcrimes’ in which the death penalty is an okay form of punishment. There are only three out of the twenty-one listed offenses that we would categorize as crimes by today’s standards. Six of the listed are for religious offenses, including proselytizing (trying to convert an Israelite to a different religion, Deuteronomy 13:1-10) and for practicing black magic (Exodus 22:18). There are ten crimes listed which are now classified as moral issues, including working on Sunday (Exodus 35:2), abusing parents (Exodus 20:15), and blasphemy (uttering the name of Jehovah while cursing, Leviticus 24:16). Two of these listed are in relation to ceremonial practices, including communicating with the dead (Leviticus 20:27). But only three of the twenty-one offenses are categorized as capital crimes by the standards of today’s justice system (‘The Bible and Capital Punishment’). For this reason, many people think that the Bible is an out-of-date way to govern our lives,Show MoreRelated Capital Punishment and the Bible Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment and the Bible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment has always been an arguable issue and for good reason. The Old Testament clearly calls for the death penalty on many occasions, whereas; many of the teachings of Jesus and others in the New testament readily denounce it.   Therefore, both advocates ands opponents of capital punishment have Biblical references to support their beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opponents use the creation story to show that all are created in Gods Read MoreCapital Punish Relating to The Old Testament Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages Why do some christians agree with the capital punishment? Some Christians feel that the Bible has spoken to the conflict, but many believe that the New Testament replaces the Old Testament law. Skimming through the Old Testament you can find many cases in which God orders the use of capital punishment, with the acts of God Himself. God was somehow involved directly or maybe indirectly, in the taking of life as a punishment for Israel or whomever threatened or harm the city of Israel. In GenesisRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesAdvent Catholic Encyclopedia, Capital Punishment is the infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capital Punishment, also known as, the Death Penalty has been around for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org). Not only is Capital Punishment ancient, it is highly controversialRead MoreChristianity and Allowing Capital Punishment Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity and Allowing Capital Punishment The question of whether Christians should allow capital punishment is controversial and is often argued between many Christians. This question can be answered by using the bible to help them understand their morale and ways of life. The Christians believe that Christians should allow capital punishment and they argue this by using the bible in Exodus 21 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot thisRead MoreCapital Punishment1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe death penalty is something about which many people do not have a clear opinion. It is considered to be the punishment of execution, administered to someone convicted of a capital crime. Many people support the death penalty, while others wish for the death penalty to be abolished. My personal opinion on the death penalty is that it should be administered only in cases of certain crimes such as: serial murder, serial rape, and terrorism. Groups that support the death penalty oftenRead MoreCapital Punishment1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty has been around for many centuries and will probably be around for many to come. Although some citizens feel capital punishment is ethically wrong, it is necessary in today s society for various reasons. Society must be kept safe from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. Most criminals don t take into account the results of their actions. If a person intending to commit a crime, sees another criminal put toRead MoreEssay about Differing Christian Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment1547 Words   |  7 PagesDiffering Christian Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment This assignment is to discuss the different views of Christians on Capital Punishment. I will explore both sets of view, whether they are for or against it. I will say which bible verses may have swayed their opinions of capital punishment, and what they think God has to say about the whole issue. I have opinions from Christians today, who I have asked their opinions on the matter. I will also include churchs Read MoreThe Death Penalty in America Essay996 Words   |  4 Pageslaw of God is, Thou Shalt Not Kill (Bible 79 ), and every system of ethics and rules of our society echoes that law. For decades, state and federal leaders have struggled with opposing views of the death penalty. Many minds have endured this difficult question-Who says it is right to take another humans life because of an act that he/she committed?   Ã‚  Ã‚   The death penalty is the most severe sentence that can be administered to a criminal (Capital Punishment 1). There are only fourteen states inRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty975 Words   |  4 PagesACCEPTABILITY OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT INTRODUCTION Capital punishment also known as the death penalty refers to the lawful infliction of death as a punishment. The first case of death penalty laws was first established in the Eighteenth Century B.C. Capital punishment is still used in the United States despite the controversy surrounding the law. Death penalty is done by either fastening the criminal to an electric chair, hanging or a firing squad shooting at the criminal. In Atkins v. Virginia theRead MoreChristianity1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthey also believe that when Jesus was resurrected it was the most important event in human history. Christians have a strong belief in Heaven and Hell; Christians believe that Heaven is a location which is for rewarding whereas Hell is a place for punishment. Almost all Christians believe everyone has a potential for eternal life and can receive salvation in the name of Jesus Christ; those who have achieved salvation before death will live forever in Heaven but for the rest they will spend eternity

Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist Free Essays

string(41) " the use of a free initial consultation\." Introduction This paper discusses why the initial consultation is so important and what factors an ethical therapist will cover in this aspect of the therapy process. It also tackles the ethical issues besetting a therapist in the conduct of his profession dealing with psychotherapeutic counseling and hypnotherapy and counseling skills. The role of a therapist in the behaviour alteration of his or her client is so vital that it is necessary to observe some ethical considerations in the practice of his profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Importance of initial consultation An initial consultation is the first of the stages of psychotherapy and generally includes a discussion of the reasons as to why the client is seeking psychotherapy help and what he is hoping to obtain from the experience. Why it is important is because it provides an opportunity to find out whether the needs, interests, and goals of the client fit with the skills of the therapist. This stage also provides the initial clarification about the limits of confidentiality, therapeutic approach, and other terms of professional services. Moreover, the initial consultation helps both the client and the therapist to gauge whether each is likely to be able to work with the other successfully (Plante, 2011). The importance of initial consultation is also found in making a formal determination of the client’s fit for a psychotherapeutic relationship and potential for meaningful change (Klonoff, 2010). Whilst informed consent is shown as important in the therapy process, with a clear descr iption of the limits of confidentiality, full informed consent to treatment has been mandated by ethical guidelines. If for example, a client approaches a therapist for initial consultation, informed consent to treatment may involve information on behavioural therapies demonstrating effectiveness and rapid changes in the treatment of the behavioral problem that the client is complaining about (e.g. panic) (Weiner and Hess, 2006). Further, initial consultation is important because it is where a range of decisions are in terms of whether to schedule a second session. For example, the client may evaluate whether it is adequate to have his or her needs be met by working with the therapist, as well as whether the practical terms of the therapy are acceptable to the client. In addition, considering the information thus provided during the consultation session, the therapist may ascertain whether he or she possesses the needed expertise to work effectively and successfully with the client (Klonoff, 2010). Another importance of initial consultation is that it allows initiating a collaborative relationship between the client and the therapist and evaluating initial consultation efforts. If the therapist happens to assess a need for consultation services, then the entry stage would then initiate a consulting relationship. The value of initial consultation is seen in the establishment of a voluntary and collaborative consulting relationship between the counselor and the client. Different role expectations can lead to resistance on the part of the client, which thus necessitates a vital importance of agreement relating to role expectations to reduce such potential resistance. An initial step in evaluating a client’s condition is establishing an accurate diagnosis, which is done during the initial consultation (Boylan et al., 2011). Much as the above are important for conducting an initial consultation, it is also because such consultation may potentially lead the client not to continue further services. The client may come to a decision that the therapist, for some reason, cannot adequately meet his or her needs. For example, he or she may find the therapist as being too direct, aloof, expensive, inexperienced, young, old, etc., and thus may conclude that the therapist’s qualities are not fit to his or her needs. The client may also feel better after the initial consultation and may no longer feel compelled to continue further sessions. Similarly, the therapist may decline from providing continued services for a variety of reasons, such as the client’s revelation of an alcohol problem, about which the therapist might decide to refer him or her instead to a specialist in the treatment of problems relating to substance abuse (Plante, 2011). Alternatively, there are times that patients are referred by their physician right after discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation setting. Of note, the one seeking therapy for the patient is in fact not the patient himself but the patient’s family. Perceptive health care professionals are the ones who usually recognise a need for psychotherapy by the patient, with an emphasis on coping, psychoeducation, and deficit adjustment. Therefore, it must not always be assumed that it is the client who is motivated to seek psychotherapy (Klonoff, 2010). In cases of patients being considered for psychotherapy, a physician’s referral is needed, in which relevant medical records must be acquired to determine whether the patient is appropriate for therapy as well as whether he or she anticipates potential psychotherapeutic needs and challenges. It is during the initial consultation in which records are presented after being obtained and reviewed in advance in order for the therapis t to thoroughly understand what the client has gone through or is going through (Klonoff, 2010). Therefore, without the initial consultation, psychotherapeutic intervention might not be sufficient and effective enough. Ethical issues faced by therapists The psychotherapist is guided by ethical standards and codes that provide professional standards aimed at guiding their ethical conduct (Kohlenberg and Tsai, 2007). One ethical issue faced by a therapist in terms of initial consultation is whether to provide the consultation free of charge to the client, as some clients who have taken up this offer tended to decide to continue in counseling because of being obliged to do so. This would prompt a concern whether the therapist has violated any portion of the code of ethics (Welfel, 2013). There are some who do not charge for initial consultations, and it is important that the client is informed whether the therapist does or does not charge for the first session (Wheeler, 2014). A potential problem may ensue with the use of a free initial consultation. You read "Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist" in category "Essay examples" This is because clients may feel committed after the initial consultatio n and may have difficulty declining further treatment because the initial consultation was free of charge. Some might even regard this practice as taking advantage of clients and may perhaps be seen as undue influence mentioned in the code of ethics (Welfel, 2013). Another ethical issue that may ensue during initial consultation is sexual attraction between the client and the therapist, which is identified as a boundary ethical issue (Houser et al., 2006). The client may have emotional or sex-related problems that he/she initially presents to the therapist, which the therapist must approach objectively. Albeit discussion of these feelings can foster therapeutic progress, it is still unethical and counter-therapeutic to act on them. Even when it may seem sound to become sexual with a client with sexual problems as an intervention, engaging in such unethical activity is definitely against established ethical standards and codes. Rather, the best intervention that the therapist may adopt for his/her client with sexual problems is sex therapy with the client and a significant other.The several malpractice suits filed against therapists relating to sexual relationships with their client only confirm the unethical and counter-therapeutic stance of se xual relationship between the therapist and client (Kohlenberg and Tsai, 2007). Even at the onset of the initial consultation, sexual attraction may already spark, which the therapist, being the more responsible person, must put a wall against. Emotional tyranny is also a common ethical issue that may occur even during an initial consultation. It is a term describing abuse of power by psychotherapists to the disadvantage of their clients, caused by the power imbalance between them. For example, during the initial consultation, the therapist’s power is seen in how he establishes the therapy session, how long the session should last, how often he and the client should meet, how much the session costs, and what the permissible and impermissible behaviour must be within the session (Kohlenberg and Tsai, 2007). The realm of ethical decision-making involves the aspects of ethical dilemma, the client and the therapist’s values, race, gender, personal history, etc.; local and national laws; professional knowledge; and codes of ethics (Houser et al., 2006). The therapist may also face violations relating to dual relationships. Such relationships are nonsexual that may involve counseling a friend, relative, or neighbour, as well as receiving referrals from people who know the client and the counseling process. An ethical dilemma of dual relationships may potentially occur when the therapist has several roles with a client; in that apart from being a client, the person is also a friend, a neighbor, a relative, etc. to the therapist. It has been suggested that accepting referrals from existing clients may constitute a boundary violation (Houser et al., 2006). Indeed, even at the initial consultation, the therapist is already face-to-face with the issue of whether to continue with the professional relationship, or terminate it right away upon seeing his or her friend across the table as a client seeking therapy. Self-disclosure is another ethical issue besetting the therapist. Even during the initial consultation, the issue of self-disclosure may occur. Relating to this issue, it is important to determine the extent of information a therapist should share with the client and the types of self-disclosure to be made as well. Another example of ethical issue involving boundary is socialising with a client outside the counseling session and negotiating for fees (Houser et al., 2006). One possible ethical dilemma facing the therapist during is confidentiality, which deals with maintaining privacy and non-disclosure of information to others outside the counseling relationship, unless the client expresses consent to do so (Jenkins, 2007; Houser et al., 2006). Whenever the client enters the counseling room for the first time, he or she already expects that anything being discussed with the therapist would be kept confidential. It has been found that violations of confidentiality were a common complaint made against therapists and counselors. The client, even in the initial consultation, already begins disclosing some personal matters to the therapist, which the therapist is expected to keep confidential as his legal duty. Of important note however is the fact that confidentiality is not absolute and that there are times in which the therapist may divulge certain information a necessary (Corey, 2013; Houser et al., 2006). Examples of these are those surrounding harm that may involve the client who is contemplating about suicide or is expressing thoughts about inflicting harm to others; court-involved clients; child abuse reports; and clients with medical conditions who express engaging in precarious acts relating to their condition (e.g. HIV) (Houser et al., 2006). Further, it was found that successful outcomes ensue when clients change their personal values and take a close resemblance of that of the therapist/counselor. A relevant ethical dilemma with regard to this is in order for the counseling to be successful, how similar the client’s values must be to the counselor. Moreover, another dilemma is whether fostering such similarity is ethical and helpful enough to the client. A question for the profession is whether therapists utilise moral and ethical frameworks reflecting society’s norms as the only basis of their ethical decision-making, or whether therapists come to an ethical decision whilst taking into account the values, morality, and ethical stances of their diverse client population (O’Donohue and Fisher, 2009; Houser et al., 2006). These issues are being dealt with even upon an initial consultation. Conclusion This paper dealt with the importance of initial consultation and the ethical issues facing the therapist in the performance of his profession. An initial consultation is important because it forms the basis of the client’s diagnosis. It generally covers finding out the reasons as to why the client seeks help and what he or she aims to obtain as a result of the psychotherapy experience. The ethical issues faced by the therapist in the conduct of his profession during the initial consultation are those involving a decision to charge the client for a specific fee or not for the initial consultation; potential sexual attraction between them; the issue of confidentiality and client consent; emotional tyranny; violations relating to dual relationships; and self-disclosure. Having laid down these ethical factors besetting a therapist, the conclusion being arrived at is that the therapist is bound by set standards and ethical codes through which the expected functions of his performance must be based, and that he/she should conduct the initial consultation and further sessions objectively. References Boylan, J. C., Malley, P. B/, and Reilly, E. P. (2011) Practicum Internship: Textbook and Resource Guide for Counseling and Psychotherapy. Third Edition. NY: Brunner-Routledge. Corey, G. (2013) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Ninth Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Houser, R., Wilczenski, F. L., and Ham, M. (2006) Culturally Relevant Ethical Decision-Making in Counseling. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Jenkins, P. (2007) Counseling, Psychotherapy and the Law. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Klonoff, P. S. (2010) Psychotherapy After Brain Injury: Principles and Techniques. NY: The Guilford Press. Kohlenberg, R. J. and Tsai, M. (2007) Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships. NY: Springer. O’Donohue, W. T. and Fisher, J. E. (2009) General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Plante, T. G. (2011) Contemporary Clinical Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Weiner, I. B. and Hess, A. K. (2006) The Handbook of Forensic Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Welfel, E. (2013) Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Wheeler, K. (2014) Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse: A How-to Guide for Evidence-Based Practice. NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Bibliography Boylan, J. C., Malley, P. B/, and Reilly, E. P. (2011) Practicum Internship: Textbook and Resource Guide for Counseling and Psychotherapy. Third Edition. NY: Brunner-Routledge. Clarkson, P. (2005) Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy: An Integrated Approach. NY: Routledge. Cooper, J. and Alfille, H. (2011) A Guide to Assessment for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapists. London: Karnac Books Ltd. Corey, G. (2013) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Ninth Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Forrest, G. G. (2010) Self-disclosure in Psychotherapy and Recovery. Plymouth: Jason Aronson. Houser, R., Wilczenski, F. L., and Ham, M. (2006) Culturally Relevant Ethical Decision-Making in Counseling. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Jenkins, P. (2007) Counseling, Psychotherapy and the Law. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Klonoff, P. S. (2010) Psychotherapy After Brain Injury: Principles and Techniques. NY: The Guilford Press. Kohlenberg, R. J. and Tsai, M. (2007) Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships. NY: Springer. O’Donohue, W. T. and Fisher, J. E. (2009) General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Plante, T. G. (2011) Contemporary Clinical Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Weiner, I. B. and Hess, A. K. (2006) The Handbook of Forensic Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Welfel, E. (2013) Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Wheeler, K. (2014) Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse: A How-to Guide for Evidence-Based Practice. NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. How to cite Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist, Essay examples

Capital budgeting for TNA Project in Vietnam

Question: Discuss about the Capital budgeting for TNA Project in Vietnam. Answer: Introduction TNA is Australian owned company and it wants to venture into Vietnams market by purchasing an existing company and updating its assets and other so as to make profit and out do other competitors. The project which should commence by 2017 requires capital of about A $10 million 6 million for the project and mother 4 million for asset. TNA can source their A $10,000,000 through: Bank loans. TNA can apply of bank credit of 10 million to maintain their business. Banks resemble big foundation of obligation financing. They offer short, mid and long haul credits. They additionally cater for all advantages required. They can give working capital, land and hardware. TNA just needs to give security in the event that they neglect to pay back the advance. Bank is best to source capital since its offers some adaptability. At the point when TNA plot their business well in Vietnam, they can benefit speedier and pay the credit they got from the bank to end the agreed terms therefore, paying less interest. This is more adaptable than other loaning administrations (Yunus, 2007). Secondly, they can source through angel attendant value. In the event that you should offer a possession stake to get your organization off the ground, begin by finding a regarded industry official why should willing contribute a sensible sum and give your endeavor believability with different financial specialists. The counsel and networkingwithout all the cumbersome requests of a VCcome in helpful, as well (Tanvierdi, at.al, 2007). They can also get their funds through brilliant leases. Renting altered resources preserves money for working capital (to cover stock), which is for the most part harder to fund, particularly for a doubtful business. Cautioning: Don't put such a great amount of cash down that you wind up spending the same measure of money as you would have had you purchased the advantage with an up-front installment (Lown Morgan, 2006). The expense of a lease might be marginally higher than bank financing, yet the expense of the initial installment you didn't need to make is liable to be less difficult than the weakening you experience the ill effects of giving endlessly value. Another way of getting funds is the SBA 7(a) credits. Of all the federally supported obligation financing programs, this is the most prominent, and maybe the best. It releases the stream of credit by ensuring the moneylender against a part of any misfortune brought about on the advance. Not to say that banks aren't watchful when making 7(a) credits: They are required to keep the non-ensured bit on their books. The financing cost can differ in light of the measure of the credit, with littler sums costing somewhat more. Shops around. Some banks harvest overhauling charges and pleasant benefits by offering the ensured bit of the credit to insurance agencies and annuity reserves; in those cases, a loan specialist might will to offer you a superior rate (Lown Morgan, 2006). Borrowings are a popular source of finance that complements the equity capital. A contract between lenders and the company is established including conditions about the rate of interest, dates of interest payments and capital repayments. Commonly the company is expected to make a security deposit in form of either a fixed charge of a certain asset (property is preferred by lenders) or a floating charge of all of its assets. Further protection for the lenders can be made through a loan covenant that defines obligations and restrictions on the business, such as the restriction on the right to borrow further. A specific bank product is the term loan where the bank and the company adjust the conditions to the companys need. TNA could take advantage of the term loan by negotiating repayment terms, interest payable and time period. Local and state economic development associations can also help in giving the starting capital- Financial improvement associations can charge tantalizingly low loan fees when loaning nearby a bank. Income to cover the interest, the improvement association may offer broadened terms. Some credits are interest-just for the principal year or two, and even the interest installments can be collected for a specific time period (Durney, at,al, 2004). Advancement groups may not consent to fund a whole operation, but rather they make catching the rest of other private sources a considerable measure simpler. Converse with your nearby assembly of business to discover these projects. They can reduce the cost by obtaining goods through higher purchase: TNA can purchase the greater part of their advantages on higher purchase. This will give them an ideal opportunity to recoup the $4 million required for resource accordingly arranging less cash in contributing. This will likewise empower them to search for lesser cash in obtaining flow resources since the remaining sum will be paid in portions. Using trade ins- amid store clearing, the new organization ought not through away the old outdated equipment. They ought to utilize them as exchange to diminish on the costs expected to buy new items. The exchange will likewise encourage the company to uncover the obsolete properties in right way furthermore to lessen cost The mortgage loan is another form of loan where banks or financial institutions lend out money to companies on the basis of freehold property. This asset is preferred by lenders as security because it fulfils certain criteria, such as non-perishable, easy to sell and stable value. The mortgage loan can be expanded to a long time, e.g. 25 years. Another form of long-term finance is the loan stock, also called debenture or bond. The loan stock is divided into smaller units and investors can purchase as many units as they need. The process of the loan stock issue is similar to the equity issue. The interest rate is dependent on the credit rating of the issuer and the specific bond. In contrast to bank loans, the public lends its money to the company in exchange with a certified fixed rate of interest. Furthermore, debentures do not require any physical assets or collateral as a security from the investors. The convertible loan stock is a mixture of equity and debt financing. At a certain point of time the investor is able to convert the loan into equity shares. Until that date the investor remains a lender to the company and receives the interest. This form of financing is very useful for companies because the loan will liquidate when converting it. The company may also be able to offer a lower interest rate to the investors since they are expecting to benefit from future profits of the company. The loan stock is often traded by public companies on the ASX. In addition, the issue of loan stocks is usually very cost-intensive (Durney, at,al, 2004). TNA can also employ the policy of temporary partnership. TNA can make a makeshift association with another potential accomplice who can raise the sum and on the expiry of the agreement the business will remain the lawful property of the TNA. This will help in cost cutting that is the two organizations will share the 10 million beginning capital. Through this procedure, the organizations will begin at low benefit yet after the end of the agreement TNA will begin increasing super benefits. They can source funds through their clients. Advance installments from customersassuming the terms aren't excessively onerouscan give you the money you require, at a generally minimal effort, to keep your business developing. Progresses additionally show a level of duty by that client to your operation. About portion of the world-beating business people, were financed by their clients. This procedure permitted them to become speedier and with constrained assets, and to work with relative exemption as for their investors. TNA can likewise join the rundown by putting applicable stations for clients to advance them (Durney, at,al, 2004). The use of merchants: TNA can built Best Buy with financing from expansive shopper hardware firmsin different words, his suppliers. Thusly, your agents don't control your development; you do. Simply make sure not to subjugate yourself to a modest bunch of capable suppliers all the while. Internal sources of finance do not require the approval of others apart from managers or directors. Retained earnings is the main source of long-term internal finance for most companies. The company increases funds by not distributing dividends to its shareholders. The retention of earnings does not require any costs and the amount of return is certain. Retained earnings are a valuable source to finance operational activities, acquisitions or capital investment, or to pay costly operating debts (Shapiro, 2005). As no information about TNAs financial situation is provided, no final recommendation can be made. Since TNA is not public listed, they probably know all their investors, which is why a partial internal funding by retained profits may be an option. In any case, short-term internal financing is not an option because the period of funds available has to be matched with the investment period. They can get funds through their friends and family members. In case TNA is fortunate, loved ones individuals may be the most indulgent financial specialists of the bundle. They don't tend to make you vow your home, and they may even consent to offer their enthusiasm for your organization back to you for an ostensible return. This can be best way of getting funds since the return value is sometimes minimal or none. Through small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) stipends. Moving beyond the paper-serious application procedure and SBIR stipends can be an extraordinary approach to transform your protected innovation into letter drop cash. They ought to compose their proposition and sit tight for the work to be given Another sourcing route is the tax Increment Financing. TIF appropriations are intended for land improvement in focused ranges. Contingent upon the state, the endowments can be as extensive as 20% to 30% of the expense of the venture. Even better, you may even have the capacity to acquire against this sponsored esteem. On the off chance that your own particular group does not offer a TIF program, take a gander at groups that do. You may wind up somewhat more remote from your home or office, yet it could be justified regardless of your while (Shapiro, 2005). Inside Revenue Service. TNA can utilize the historical backdrop of the active proprietors to guarantee for expense help furthermore increase some backing, the IRS does not loan cash. In any case, it allows you to deduct costs. On the off chance that you are paying a store in expenses, assess whether you can utilize your benefits to grow your businessand lessen your duty bill. Bootstrapping: Many billion-dollar business visionaries figure out how to develop without outer financing so lenders don't control their predeterminations or get a lopsided cut of the riches pie. For additional on the sound key supposing you'll need keeping in mind the end goal to live all alone income, look at. Recommendation of finance sources. Bank loans Highly recommended Local state economic development Recommended Advancement groups Recommended Higher purcnase Not recommended Trade ins Highly recommended Loan stock Highly recommended Temporary partnership Highly recommended Cliants Not recommended Merchants Recommended Retained earning Highly recommended Friends and family Recommended Rout tax increment Recommended bootstrapping Not recommended Inside revenue service Recommended Developing capital budget A capital budget will be utilized to dissect the monetary practicality of TNA business venture enduring 5 years and including capital resources. It is divided into 3 sections. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst part is the underlying stage in which capital resources, for example, hardware and gear are acquired and a generation office is built. The second stage includes assessing an operating money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows that produce yearly comes back from the undertaking (Bennouna, at,al, 2010). These working money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows reach out over the life of the business venture. The third stage happens toward the end of the task and includes exchanging the remaining resources and shutting the business venture. Project classificationcapital planning extends, for the most part, are arranged to utilize the accompanying terms: Replacement choicea choice concerning whether a current resource ought to supplant by a more up to date variant of the same machine or even an alternate sort of machine that does likewise as the current machine. Such substitutions are for the most part made to keep up existing levels of operations, despite the fact that benefit may change because of changes in costs (that is, the new machine may be either more costly or less expensive to work than the current machine) (Durney, at,al, 2004). Extension choicea choice concerning whether the firm ought to expand operations by including new items, extra machines, et cetera. Such choices would grow operations. Autonomous venturethe acknowledgment of a free venture does not influence the acknowledgment of some other undertakingthat is, the task does not influence different activities. For instance, on the off chance that you have a vast entirety of cash in the bank that you might want to spend on yourself The significance of Capital Budgetingin light of the fact that capital planning choices affect the firm for quite a while, they should be precisely arranged. An awful choice can significantly affect the association's future operations. Moreover, a planning of the choices is critical. Numerous capital planning ventures take years to actualize. In the event that organizations don't arrange likewise, they may find that the planning of the capital planning choice is past the point of no return, hence unreasonable regarding rivalry. Choices that are made too soon can likewise be tricky in light of the fact that capital planning extends by and large are substantial ventures, therefore, early choices may create superfluous expenses for the firm (Lu, at,al, 2011) Producing Ideas for Capital Budgetingthoughts for capital planning extends, as a rule, are created by representatives, clients, suppliers, et cetera, and depend on the requirements and encounters of the firm and of these gatherings. For instance, a business agent may keep on hearing from some of his or her clients that there is a requirement for items with specific attributes that the company's current items don't have. The business agent shows the thought to administration, who thusly assesses the practicality of the thought by counseling with architects, generation faculty, and maybe by directing a plausibility study. After the thought is affirmed to be practical in the sense it is saleable to clients, the money related chief must direct a capital planning examination to guarantee the task will be advantageous to the firm as for its quality (Lu, at,al, 2011). The reason for the capital planning exercise for a business extension is to figure out whether the development will produce positive money returns for the current business. At the point when processing money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows for a business extension, just those money inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows and outà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows connected with the development are incorporated. The money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows of the current business need not be incorporated. These extra money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows are once in a while called incremental money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows on the grounds that they regularly speak to an expansion is a current money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow (e.g. more item deals, bigger buy of crude materials, all the more advertising cost, and so on.). A development can prompt new and extra money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows that are difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cult to identify. A watchful evaluation is required to distinguish all money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows (Durney, at,al, 2004). The motivation behind the capital planning exercise for a stand-alone business is to figure out whether the business ventures will produce a positive net money return over the life of the task. While setting up a capital spending plan, the greater part of the money inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows and outà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows over the life of the business venture should be incorporated. This incorporates the underlying money expenses toward the start of the task, the working money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows that happen yearly over the life of the venture, and the remaining money estimation of benefits toward the end of the undertaking. Capital Budgeting counts for TNA A simplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed case of capital planning for a business venture appears in Table. The underlying investment incorporates costs for structures, hardware, and working capital. $10,000,000 of money income is projected for each of the 5 years of the venture. After variable and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ xed money costs are subtracted. Working capital speaks to the cash required to support the yearly working money à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow. While making a capital spending plan, it is imperative to take into account assets to give sufficient liquidity to operations. Toward the start of the business venture, working capital is a money outà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow simply like the buy of capital resources. Toward the end of the undertaking, working capital is a money inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow simply like the offer of the capital resources. The measure of working capital staying toward the end of the task may not be the same as the working capital contributed toward the start of the undertaking (Weijermars, 2013). A related issue is a capital expected to get the business venture up and running. As a rule, the time frame from the underlying buy of gear until the office is finished and running at limit can be long. Assets are expected to scaffold this time period. Another issue is working capital as possibility assets expected to cover any startling events. These can incorporate cost invades, under-execution of the office, a business sector downturn, and numerous other unforeseen events (Weijermars, 2013). Calculation of NPV including all discount rates Time Cash flow(A$) Labor disc Capital disc Inflation disc Pv (A$) Initial inve 1 -10,000,000 1 1 1 -10,00,000 Initial inv 2 -7000,000 1 1 1 -7000,000 Year 1 1,728,000 0.995 0.909 0.941 980,211 Year 2 1,872,000 0.990 0.826 0.898 1,368,184 Year 3 2,433,600 0.985 0.751 0.848 1,527,776 Year 4 2,920,320 0,980 0.683 0.813 1,589,850 Year 5 3,412,352 0.975 0.621 0.780 1,610,997 Table containing values used in calculation of NPV for investment 1 and 2 Year 1 2 3 4 5 Sales growth % 20% 30 30 20 10 Total sales revenue 2,880,000 4,867,200 4,867,200 5,840,640 6,424,704 Proportion of cost 60% 50% 50% 50% 50% Total cost (A$) 1,728,000 1,872,000 2,433,600 2,920,320 3,412,352 Residual value (A$S) 200,000 Cash flows(A$) 1,728,000 1,872,000 2,433.600 2920,320 3,412,352 Increased labour% 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Labour discount % 0.995 0.990 0.985 0,980 0.975 WACC% 10 10 10 10 10 Capital difference rate 0.909 0.826 0.751 0.683 0.621 Inflation rate difference% 4 3 3 2 2 Inflation rate difference in Australia (%) 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 Inflation rate diff Vietnam(%) 6.31 5.31 5.31 4.31 4.31 Inflation discount rate 0.941 0.893 0.848 0.813 0.780 Project value (10 m) 980,211 1,368,184 1,527,776 1,589,850 1,610,997 Project value (7M) 980,211 1,368,184 1,527,776 1,589,850 1,610,997 Calculating payback period of the project to be generated by TNA in Vietnam. Payback periodthis is the time (number of years and months) a project takes to recapture the initial investment amount. The calculation below shows the payback period of the project to be initiated by TNA in Vietnam. This table shows that the payback period is between third years and fourth years. The actual payback is: CALCULATING PAYBACK PERIOD YEAR CASHFLOW CUMMULATIVE CF 0 10000000 10000000 1 1152000 2880000 2 1872000 3024000 3 2433600 5457600 4 2920320 8377920 5 3412352 11790272 PAYBACK PERIOD=4+1622080/3412352 4.475355415 4.475 YEARS As the calculation appears, it takes somewhat more than 4years for the firm to recover its original investment for this anticipate. The acknowledgment standard for payback can be expressed as takes after: Accept the undertaking if Payback, PB some number of years set by the firm This anticipate would be worthy if the firm needs to recover its ventures' expenses inside five years, however it would not be satisfactory if the firm needs to recover the expenses inside Two years. Despite the fact that the idea of payback is extremely straightforward, there are issues with utilizing payback to settle on capital planning choices (Gorshkoy, at,al, 2014). The essential issue is that this strategy does not utilize time value of money ideasthat is, we don't register the present estimations without future cash flows. Another issue is that the cash flows past the payback time frame is overlooked. Calculating NPV. Net present value (NPV)to determine the NPV of a project, present values of all future values associated with the project should be computed through the formula given, then they are summed up , and then subtract (or add a negative amount to) the initial investment of the project. The resulting value represents the amount by which the firms value will increase, on a present value basis, if the firm invests in the project (Yeo, 2003). The NPV of the project is as below YEAR CASHFLOW 0 -10000000 1 1152000 r= 0.1 2 1872000 PV= $8,536,199.84 3 2433600 NPV= ($1,463,800.16) 4 2920320 5 3412352 Calculating IRR Internal rate of return (IRR) - in the analysis, the project with a positive NPV always generates a return that is greater than the cost of funds used to purchase the venture as in the case of the TNAs project. The IRR is defined as the rate of return the firm would earn, on average, if it purchases the project. To define the IRR, we want to compute the rate of return that causes the NPV of the project to equal zero, or where the present value of the future cash flows equals the initial investment as in the formula below: (Weijermars, 2013). The IRR of the two projects Project 1 YEAR CASHFLOW 0 -10000000 1 1152000 r= 0.1 2 1872000 PV= $8,536,199.84 3 2433600 NPV= ($1,463,800.16) 4 2920320 IRR 5% 5 3412352 Project 2 YEAR CASHFLOW 0 -7000000 1 1152000 r= 0.1 2 1872000 PV= $8,536,199.84 3 2433600 NPV= $1,536,199.84 4 2920320 IRR 17% 5 3412352 Through evaluation the IRR, the IRR of the project B 7million is more than expected IRR 10 % hence it is recommended. The NPV of the project is positive but project be has much positive value making it to be the best. Therefore, the project is of much profit to the TNA and should be evaluated so as to gain profit starting 2017. What would be the situation if the investment required was only A $ 7 million? When the investment is 7million instead of 10million, the amount of profit gained within 5 years will be higher than when it is 10 million. This is shown by the higher percentage of IRR as calculated below. YEAR CASHFLOW 0 -7000000 1 1152000 r= 0.1 2 1872000 PV= $8,536,199.84 3 2433600 NPV= $1,536,199.84 4 2920320 5 3412352 It is much gainful when the firm uses A$ 7 million as their starting capital contrasted with 10 million this is obviously demonstrated by the IRR of A $7,000,000 greater than that of 10,000,000. The payback time frame likewise shift and more benefit will be made. Rather than consummation the business, the gear can be supplanted toward the end of the 5 years and the business proceeded. But, for capital planning arranging purposes toward the start of the venture, the 5-year time frame gives a decent evaluation of monetary viability (Jackson, 2008). Cost of Capital An organization's capital structure fundamentally involves value, obligation and held profit, which empowers the organization to subsidize different ventures with various sources of money to improve the security of their speculation. The general weighted avarage cost of capital (WACC) considers this by relatively weight every part of capital. Subsequently, the WACC is reliant on how the business funds its speculation. The rebate rate for the expense of capital is ascertained as takes after:As it is found in the recipe, an expansion in WACC would prompt an abatement in the markdown rate and in this manner to a lessening in the present worth. Thus, the financial danger of the speculation will be higher. Concerning TNA's speculation venture, WACC is too high to create 8 positive PVs, which implies the normal return won't repay the underlying venture cost. Nonetheless, if the underlying venture expense would just be AUD 7 million, the normal returns of this speculation will repay its und erlying venture cost. The WACC is influenced by the financing cost since it consolidates the real loan cost after some time. As loan costs go up, the WACC increments too. Particularly in year 5, the loan cost has the best impact. An issue is the vacillation of loan costs in light of the fact that for this situation it is hard for an organization to precisely evaluate the expense of capital. The interest paid is expense deductible, which demonstrates that the higher the loan cost, the lower the pay charge installments Exchange rates. For TNA, the conversion scale will specifically affect the deals in the Vietnamese market, the installment to representatives and the imports into Vietnam for creation exercises. Since the aggregate incomes and aggregate expenses are now given in AUD for the capital spending plan assessment, the conversion standard is incorporated and does not should be considered now. Inflation rate TNA knows the expansion rate of Vietnam as a flat out distinction to the inflation rate of Australia. In this manner, the present expansion rate of Australia is taken and thought to be steady for every period, as it is unrealistic to make exact gauges of inflation for the following 5 years. When all is said in done, Inflation implies an expansion in costs which prompts a decline in the acquiring influence of the organization and to a reduction of the genuine estimation of money. To make up for the normal expansion in the coming periods, the normal income needs to increment too. Accordingly, a low level of inflation in Vietnam is great for the TNA to amortize the venture snappier. Conclusion Abridging what we have ascertained on TNA to this point, we realize that an undertaking is worthy if its NPV is more prominent than zero. On the off chance that a venture has an NPV more noteworthy than zero, then it produces an arrival that is more prominent than the expense of the assets used to buy the undertaking as seen in the TNAs' NPV which is a positive worth demonstrating how the task will make a considerable measure of benefit in the district. We likewise realize that a venture is adequate if its IRR is more prominent than the company's required rate of return. At the point when a task has an IRR more noteworthy than the required rate of return, then it creates a return that is more prominent than the expense of the assets used to buy the undertaking. The IRR of the TNA WAS more prominent than the required thus it could give high rate of profits (Magni, 2013). As should be obvious by the analysis tolerating a task utilizing the NPV method gives the same advantage as accepting an undertaking utilizing the IRR system. Accordingly, both the NPV procedure and the IRR system ought to dependably give the same acknowledge/reject decisionthat is, if a venture is satisfactory utilizing the NPV strategy, it additionally is worthy utilizing the IRR technique, and the other way around. Because of this, TNA ought to acknowledge either strategy for investigation for their business in Vietnam, notwithstanding, when looking at two or more tasks, the two systems don't generally concur as to which venture is ideal (DeFond, at, al, 2003). Reference list: Tanriverdi, H., Konana, P. and Ge, L., 2007. The choice of sourcing mechanisms for business processes. Information Systems Research, 18(3), pp.280-299. Yunus, M., 2007. Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. PublicAffairs. Cassar, G., 2007. Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(1), pp.89-107. Lown, C. and Morgan, D.P., 2006. The credit cycle and the business cycle: new findings using the loan officer opinion survey. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, pp.1575-1597. Katz, J.A. and Green, R.P., 2009. Entrepreneurial small business. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Gambetti, L. and Musso, A., 2012. Loan supply shocks and the business cycle. Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Durnev, A., Morck, R. and Yeung, B., 2004. Valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ enhancing capital budgeting and firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ specific stock return variation. The Journal of Finance, 59(1), pp.65-105. Shapiro, A.C., 2005. Capital budgeting and investment analysis. Prentice Hall. Bennouna, K., Meredith, G.G. and Marchant, T., 2010. Improved capital budgeting decision making: evidence from Canada. Management decision, 48(2), pp.225-247. Lu, I.R., Kwan, E., Thomas, D.R. and Cedzynski, M., 2011. Two new methods for estimating structural equation models: An illustration and a comparison with two established methods. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 28(3), pp.258-268. Long III, A.M. and Nickels, C.J., Alignment Capital Partners, 2006. Method for calculating portfolio scaled IRR. U.S. Patent 7,058,583. Yeo, K.T. and Qiu, F., 2003. The value of management flexibilitya real option approach to investment evaluation. International Journal of Project Management, 21(4), pp.243-250. Gorshkov, A.S., Rymkevich, P.P., Nemova, D.V. and Vatin, N.I., 2014. Method of calculating the payback period of investment for renovation of building facades. Stroitel'stvo Unikal'nyh Zdanij i Sooruzenij, (2), p.82. Hajdasinski, M.M., 2004. Technical noteThe internal rate of return (IRR) as a financial indicator. The Engineering Economist, 49(2), pp.185-197. Weijermars, R., 2013. Economic appraisal of shale gas plays in Continental Europe. Applied energy, 106, pp.100-115. DeFond, M.L. and Hung, M., 2003. An empirical analysis of analysts cash flow forecasts. Journal of accounting and economics, 35(1), pp.73-100. Liu, J., Nissim, D. and Thomas, J., 2007. Is cash flow king in valuations?. Financial Analysts Journal, 63(2), pp.56-68. Dutta, S., 2003. Capital budgeting and managerial compensation: Incentive and retention effects. The Accounting Review, 78(1), pp.71-93. Jackson, S.B., 2008. The effect of firms' depreciation method choice on managers' capital investment decisions. The Accounting Review, 83(2), pp.351-376. Kerzner, H.R., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Linn, M., 2010. Cost-benefit analysis: a primer. The Bottom Line, 23(1), pp.31-36. Murray, L.W. and Efendioglu, A.M., 2007. Valuing the investment in organizational training. Industrial and Commercial training, 39(7), pp.372-379. Magni, C.A., 2013. The internal rate of return approach and the AIRR paradigm: a refutation and a corroboration. The Engineering Economist, 58(2), pp.73-111.

Violence in Sport Playing the Game Clean

Abstract Because of the fact that some games demand the use of physical force, they are often considered as brutal by sports amateurs. Yet it must be admitted that in certain kinds of sport, the use of force is demanded by the rules, which does not make it more brutal or cruel. Since every kind of sports involves certain physical activity, it releases the energy within and allows to get rid of stress.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, some people still consider that sport makes people violent, mainly because of the sport episodes with the participants losing their temper shown on TV. It will take much time to assure people that going in for sports does not involve getting too rough and becoming senseless. Still there is some hope that people will change their mind about sports if they listen to the ideas of the modern psychologists. With some professional opinions involved, it would be easier to convince people that sport is not as black as it is painted. Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean On-the-Field Violence and Professional Football: The Points of Contact In spite of the fact that numerous kinds of sport involve certain degree of field violence, the reasons for such behavior are far from being skin-deep. Some of them root in the sphere of people’s subconscious, and it takes much time to drag the true reasons for the â€Å"antisocial† behavior into the light. As numerous sociologists admit, some games do involve certain degree of violence in the field; there is no reason to worry, though, as long as the participants understand that this is merely a game and that as it stops, the opponents will turn into friends. Yet sometimes violence in the field crosses the boundaries of what has been allowed. One of the greatest questions of the modern sport psychology is why this happens so. Bell (1 987) says that this is an integral part of the game which bears certain resemblance to a tradition: To the innocent eye there seems to be very little violence on the field, contrasted to U. S. football or boxing or even bullfighting. At least there appears to be no more violence than at any polistic game, and less violence than at many. (34)Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the actions of the sportsmen can be hardly treated as violent, and the football players have nothing to be reproached for. This is their masculinity which makes them act in a rude and brutal way. This is the instinct of a fighter awoken which makes the players act in such a way. It is doubtless that masculinity is to blame for the disorders in the field. Still it must be kept in mind that even the toughest game must be fair and just. Does Playing Sport Causes Men’s Violence? Due to its relaxing a nd healthy effect, sport can hardly make one act violently. Because of the fact that sport makes the energy within aim at certain object, a ball in most games of sport, one will not be able to give way to the emotions in an anti-social way. Sportsmen understand perfectly well that everything happening on the field is a part of the game which is not meant to harm the others. It must be admitted, however, that games of sport sometimes turn too brutal when the sportsmen lose the feeling of the game and take the environment as the battlefield. In this case, injuries and ever traumas are possible. However, the reason for that is rather a case of one’s psychological problems rather than the game itself. As Yinnakis (2001) says, â€Å"If sport is interpreted as war, then the body is transformed into a weapon, into an instrument of violence and aggression.† (228). A single outburst of violence is not a tendency, which should also be kept in mind. A Dilemma to Solve Since sport does involve an element of competitiveness, it would not be a surprise for me to find out that the schools’ football teams are rivals and that they use every opportunity to win the game. Thus, I do not consider it a wise pedagogic idea to scold the boys down. However, letting things drift would be a mistake either. Because of the fact that violence has been spotted, the situation does need serious consideration. It seems to me that the most reasonable in the given situation would be not to resort to sermonizing, but to hold a class with the students, asking them what they consider the top priority in sport games, namely in football, what they would do to win a game, and what kind of game behavior they consider fair.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Making them think about the moral issues of the game, such questions will drive them to the idea that a defeat in a fair competition costs much more than the victory gained with help of violent behavior. The students must learn that the opponent should be respected, as well as be worth respecting. It could also be a good idea to demonstrate such ideas in practice, when the team is training for the on-coming competition. In addition, the rules must be restricted so that both the players and the audience could not act in a brutal way. Reference List Bell, B. J. (1987) To Play the Game: An Analysis of Sports. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Yiannakis, A. Melnik, M. J. (2001) Contemporary Issues in the Sociology of  Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. This essay on Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean was written and submitted by user Cloud 9 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on What Is This Thing Called Love

in the English language, love is a derivative of the Latin word "causemajoraproblemus" which means "You're miserable when you got it and miserable when you don't." The word was created to explain the biological phenomenon that existed when certain individuals came into contact with each other and either remained together or went about their lives separately. Regardless of the outcome, the relationship was usually characteristic of throat lumps, knotted stomachs, weak knees, temporary loss of language, sweaty palms, dizziness, sneezing, and occasional nausea. Belligerent insanity also resulted. History clearly illustrates this. Can we ever forget the face that launched a thousand ships? Federally expressing Van Gogh's ear? The construction of Le Tour Eiffel? All of these were results of love and love lost. Star-crossed lovers have stated that love is not hand nor foot n... Free Essays on What Is This Thing Called Love Free Essays on What Is This Thing Called Love What is This Thing Called Love? Beep Beep, went the horns as a young girl strode through the heavily congested crossing to be greeted by the occasional â€Å"watch where you’re going,† and â€Å"wait for the signal crossing,† or â€Å"are you blind!† But this wide-eyed girl continued on her way as if mesmerized not acknowledging the warnings. Her twinkling eyes in a daze, her mouth turned up carrying a crocked smile letting a soft humming of Franks Sinatra’s â€Å"Its too good to be true,† escape her lips. With a one-track mind heavily filled with air. This girl is a in a bubble†¦ the Love bubble. The love bubble is a statement that describes how the outside world seems to fade when there is only one other person in your heart, but it does little to define what love is beyond the vague realm of an imagined reality. Through looking at the history, explaining what love is not, and examining the uses of love and the results of that usage I will try to define what Love is. The origin of the word is probably the most logical place to start. As with many words in the English language, love is a derivative of the Latin word "causemajoraproblemus" which means "You're miserable when you got it and miserable when you don't." The word was created to explain the biological phenomenon that existed when certain individuals came into contact with each other and either remained together or went about their lives separately. Regardless of the outcome, the relationship was usually characteristic of throat lumps, knotted stomachs, weak knees, temporary loss of language, sweaty palms, dizziness, sneezing, and occasional nausea. Belligerent insanity also resulted. History clearly illustrates this. Can we ever forget the face that launched a thousand ships? Federally expressing Van Gogh's ear? The construction of Le Tour Eiffel? All of these were results of love and love lost. Star-crossed lovers have stated that love is not hand nor foot n...

Causes of Conflict

Scarce resources are very important to the country. It is a source of revenue for the country and it can be sold off for money and as raw resources for industrialization. Thus, countries would want to compete for scarce resources. An example would be the Iceland-britian conflict. As Iceland depends on the fishing industry for survival, its source of revenue comes from the fish caught. In 1970s, the number of fish, especially cod, dropped by 1/3 and these were due to the over fishing of Belgium, german and britian on Iceland seas. Thus, Iceland has came up with measures in controlling the number of fish caught to the UN but most were ignored. As 79% of the total export comprises of fresh fish and fish products, it is important for Iceland to maintain a sustainable levels of fish stocks in the seas around Iceland. Source of economic survivals is threatened, Iceland had to fight to ensure that this source of natural resource is sustained. This conflict resulted in Iceland breaking displomatic ties with britian. When a country’s scarce resources is being threatened, they have to fight back as it is their main source of revenue and survival. Losing the main source of scarce resource ewould lead to economic downfall, jobs and livelihood at stake resulting in poverty Different values and benefits. Countries fight over different values and benefits due when they feel that it is being threatened by others. This is evident in the Korean war. Korea is being separated into 2 halves in the 38th parallel after the Japanese surrended in the 1945. The Russian occupied the north of parallel and the American occupied the south of parallel. Attempt of un to establish a single government failed as the north parallel did not want to have an election in the north. North korea was then created and became a communist party whereas south korea was then created and became democratic party. Both the government claimed that they both have the rights to rule the Korean peninsula. China, afraid that the north korea would be influenced by the south korea’s democractic system, helped and supported north korea in the war of north korea and south korea to spread communism. This showed that when countries come into conflict to extend their balue systems to other territories and also protect their value systems from being threatened to fight back

Prospects of Internationalisation of Frontex Research Paper

Prospects of Internationalisation of Frontex - Research Paper Example This paper tells that quite often firms are proved to lack the necessary support in order to expand their operations, a fact that can lead to the limitation of their profitability and may put under risk their existence in the market. On the other hand, even if a firm’s entrance in the international market is effectively supported, other issues can appear; the failure in identifying the risks that the specific initiative may include could lead the organization involved to severe damages. In fact, the above phenomenon is quite common; the responsibility of a firm’s management team for the specific problem cannot be doubted. in the study of Diamantopoulos, it is noted that ‘the methodological pitfalls of international research often lead to questionable research results’. Despite the above problems, the internationalization of firms remains the most effective strategy for the increase of their performance and for this reason it should be attempted if it is con sidered as achievable – except the case of severe operational or financial problems. The current paper examines the prospects of internationalization of Frontex, a manufacturing firm that has a significant presence in Jordan. Since its establishment the firm has achieved to increase its performance within its industry; however, gradually the internationalization of the firm has been proved to be unavoidable. The firm’s power to compete its rivals is going to be tested through its entrance in the French market. L. Kawan and J. Fayum, engineers, established Frontex in Jordan in 1986. For a long time, the firm’s operations were limited to a specific manufacturing activity: the production of drilling machines. Today, the firm's production has been expanded in a wide range of products – machinery - of similar use. The firm began its activities with about 25 employees.

Should colleges have male female quotas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should colleges have male female quotas - Essay Example There are many reasons why colleges should have male and female quotas. For example, it gives students ample time for academic studies in the school. This is because they are able to make personal studies in the room and complete assignments without wasting time. Similarly, the establishment of male and female quotas accords students easy access to school facilities such as books, classes and the library (Franceschet, et al 145). Additionally, quick acquisition of such college materials helps students to cope well in class especially during the time of exams. Alternatively, there is the provision of security for students when both male and female quotas are found within the college. In other words, there is the essence of students enjoying their learning without the hassles of being mugged and robbed outside the college compound. Another fundamental reason why colleges should have male and female quotas is to encourage interaction of both sexes to improve on maturity. In other words, it is imperative for young people as they outgrow their hormonal and adolescent energies to practice how to cohabit with the members of the opposite sex without comprising their morals and virtues. Therefore, it solidifies the morals of the male and female students especially as they learn various youthful activities (Engelstad & Teigen 123). ... In other words, this is cemented by the ability to strike long term friendships that help even outside the college quotas. Similarly, the constant interaction leads to broadening one’s perception about life and its pitfalls. Another fundamental reason is the need to create both male and female quotas to attain proximity of college materials and facilities (Franceschet, et al 157). Moreover, this reduces the expenses of transportation that could be apportioned in other areas. Moreover, when the college establishes both male and female quotas together, students are able to seek extra comfort such as buying of kitchen facilities, laundry services and TV set. Others include purchasing of Wi-Fi systems for male students where they are safe within the college. In the same context, when there are quotas for both genders within the college one can make meals using the electricity without any interference. Quotas also accord the students the privilege of having private lockers that the y can use for personal items such as books, clothes and shoes among others (Engelstad & Teigen 114). On the same context, rubbing shoulders with students of different customs and cultures in the college quotas expands the minds of the students to think in different perspectives. Furthermore, quotas established within the college provide both the male and female students with the ability to prolong their stay as long as they are students in the school. This is unlike if there were quotas outside hence forcing students to hire rooms outside the college compound. Another crucial reason for colleges establishing male and female quotas is to deter students from falling to the temptations of the

How the Police Access Data to Obtain Criminal Information Essay Example for Free

How the Police Access Data to Obtain Criminal Information Essay Advancement in technology has completely changed the way in which law enforcement agents obtain information, organize and make use of that information (Foster, 2005). Foster (2005) states that technology has enhanced the use of information both in strategic and tactical sense. Scientific criminal investigation is one of the earliest methods of obtaining information concerning crime and criminals. Fingerprint classification is a very good example of scientific criminal investigation. Information technology has greatly enhanced the use of fingerprints in criminal investigation (Foster, 2005). Interviewing is the other method used by law enforcement agents to obtain information. Uncle Bob was asked a few questions by the law enforcement officer in order to collect information concerning his name, address and driving license number. All information concerning criminal activities of an individual, collected by law enforcement and which law enforcement officers have access to, is taken as privileged information (Foster, 2005). This implies that this information is for official use only. Law enforcement agencies have general access to a wide range of information of the common man that is confidential and protected by law. The information retained by law enforcement agencies runs the spectrum from crime reports to personnel records (Pattavina, 2005). Police officers gather a great deal of information, which they preserve for a long time. Majority of the law enforcement agencies in the United States have computerized files and criminal records. This implies that most of the law enforcement officers in the country have access to computerized criminal histories (Pattavina, 2005). Criminal justice information systems contain all information collected in and used in the criminal justice system. This information include: state drivers’ license records, privately gathered information and personal data in addition to court transcripts of testimony. Police records on the other hand deal with information gathered, preserved as well as organized by the police (Foster, 2005). A fully integrated law enforcement record management system has the capacity to access to all other records preserved by different criminal justice organizations. The Florida police department was able to obtain information concerning the weight, height, and criminal history of uncle Bob because its record management system is fully integrated. A fully integrated record management system is made up of various smaller systems whose main role is to exchange information with a master server (Foster, 2005). Law enforcement management system, as stated by Pattavina (2005), is a comprehensive system that allows for the capture in addition to transmission of information from a wide range of sources and also allows for different types of information queries in addition to bridging law enforcement agencies to outside sources of information (Foster, 2005). Law enforcement agencies make use of the internet to exchange information on matters of national security (Pattavina, 2005). Miami Police Department obtained criminal and personal information of uncle Bob through the internet. Communication between the police officer in the field and his agency was enhanced by the fact that law enforcement officers can access a wide range of reference manuals as well as policy in searchable online databases (Foster, 2005). The internet is one of the major technology developments that supplements law enforcement communication schemes. Uncle Bob is likely to be charged with over speeding. It can therefore be concluded that advancement in technology has completely changed the way in which law enforcement agents obtain information, organize and make use of information. Interviewing is one of the major approaches employed by law enforcement agents to gather information. Communication between law enforcement officers in the field with their agencies as well as between different criminal justice organizations is enhanced by integration of Internet in communication system.

Knights And Chivalry :: essays research papers

Knights and Chivalry Chivalry was a system of ethical ideals developed among the knights of medieval Europe. Arising out of the feudalism of the period, it combined military virtues with those of Christianity, as epitomized by he Arthurian legend in England and the chansons de geste of medieval France. The word chivalry is derived from the French chevalier, meaning horseman or knight. Chivalry was the code of conduct by which knights were supposedly guided. In addition to military prowess and valor and loyalty to God and the knight's feudal lord, it called for courtesy toward enemies and generosity toward the sick and oppressed, widows, and other disadvantaged people. Also incorporated in the ideal was courtly love, romantic devotion for a sexually unattainable woman, usually another man's wife. Veneration for the Virgin Mary played a part in this concept. Chivalric ideals influenced the founding of religious military orders during the period of the Crusades, among them the Templars and the Hospitalers, the Teutonic Knights, and the Spanish orders of Alcantara, Calatrava, and Santiago. In the late Middle Ages, rulers formed secular orders of chivalry such as the English Order of the Garter and the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece. By this time, however, chivalry had become largely a system of etiquette. Tournaments, in which knights had originally risked their lives in jousting combat before the ladies, became simply elaborate, stylized, and harmless entertainments. Moreover, the expense of this and other trappings of knighthood led many nobles who were eligible for knighthood, having served the customary apprenticeship of 7 years as a page at a noble court and another 7 as a squire, or attendant, to a knight, not to become knights at all. From chivalry, always larger in literature than in life, comes the modern concept of the gentleman. The Knight tells a tale of ideal love and chivalry. This type of tale might seem somewhat strange to todays readers, but this tale would be very popular in the time of Chaucer. The story of the Knight fits his character perfectly. We would expect this from the Knight because he is a very loyal and honorable person. The Knight's tale is filled with love, honor, chivalry, and lots of adventure. Furthermore, fitting the Knights character, there are no stories bordering on the vulgar and no coarseness. The love is an ideal love in which there is no hint of sensuality. The love exists on a high, ideal, platonic plane. The emphasis in the Knight's tale is upon the rules of honor and proper conduct. These qualities fit the Knight good because he would bring

Chattanooga Ice Cream

New Direction for Chattanooga Ice Cream Clint A. Stockton Jack Welch Management Institute Dr. Denis Tocci JWMI 510 11/16/2013 Chattanooga Ice Cream Case The Chattanooga Ice Cream case shows a decline in sales for 5 consecutive years. The Division is headed by Charles Moore. Although Charles Moore was successful in leading teams he seemed to have major issues with this team of vice presidents. According to the Harvard Business Review Chattanooga Ice Cream Case the team was very dysfunctional; they exhibited a lack of trust, high in conflict, disrespectful of each ther and exhibited avoidance issues with accountability.Team members seemed to always lay blame to other member. Moore needs to be more assertive in dismissing the ways of the past and the loss of Stay & Shop business needs to be put aside. Moore needs to give clear direction and assign responsibilities to each team member. Moore needs to convey that team cohesiveness is a must and this will go a long way to help ensure no fu rther loss of business.This paper will examine how Moore's leadership approach contributed to the teams' dysfunction, discuss what the roup of employees themselves could do to better understand the perspectives of each other and their boss as well as make recommendations about Moore should do now to help his team work together and manage conflicts more effectively. Charlie's Leadership Style In assessing where Charlie Moore goes wrong, it's important to look at his leadership style. According to the DISC style, Charlie is a â€Å"Steady (S) Leader. Specifically, this means Charlie operates at a methodical pace and likes leading in an orderly environment. He may readily view leading in a â€Å"fast-paced† environment as intimidating or stressful. His leadership style is collaborative in nature and he values group efforts. Charlie is a cautious leader that seldom leads by authority as he is comfortable working behind the consensus of the group as he doesn't like making decisio ns alone. He is demotivated by competitive environments and changing direction abruptly. He enjoys leading in a harmonic environment with little or no confrontations or conflict.Leaders prepare the organizations for change; Charlie does not build trust nor align his people. Lack of Leadership As a leader Charlie needs to â€Å"prepare organizations for change and help them ope as they struggle through it† (Week 2, Lecture 2). The first evidence of Charlie's failure as a leader is when he calls the group together to communicate the news about losing their major customer. The mood is somber as Charlie calls the group together to â€Å"mourn† (Sloane, The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division, HBR, p. l) and to fgure out what needs to be done about it.As a leader he must exude a sense of â€Å"positive energy' Cack Welch, Winning, p. 84) to prepare his people to act and energize their best thinking to deal with this challenge. His style of (S) may not like change, but e needs t o set a tone of optimism and decisiveness that says that they will come through this challenge successfully. First of all, Moore should master self-leadership for himself. Then encourage and model it for others on the team. Manz indicates that â€Å"Leaders facilitate employee self-set goals and reward effective self-leadership when it does occur.Overall, they create and nurture systems that allow teamwork and a holistic self-leadership culture to flourish† (Charles Manz, 2001 , Leading Others to Lead Themselves, p. 221). I believe that Charlie and Charlie's team would benefit from earning about their own leadership style by taking the Disc and TKI assessments and possibly creating smaller strategically paired teams within the group to come up with a foundation and vision for the direction in which the company should go as a whole.Lack of Candor Another example of where Charlie goes wrong is that he doesn't develop an environment of trust where his people don't hold back â₠¬â€œ even though he may not like conflict. As an example of this, Charlie has several meetings to ask his team what their thoughts are about how to compete. â€Å"When you are an individual contributor, ou try to have all the answers. That's your Job-to be an expert, the best at what you do, maybe even the smartest person in the room. When you are a leader, your Job is to have all the questions†¦Questioning, however, is never enough, following Rule 6: Leaders probe with curiosity that borders on skepticism, making sure your questions unleash debate and raise issues that get action† (Welch, 2005, p. 74). Moore should first create an intentional communication strategy. His management team must understand and support a common vision with a common purpose. This requires clarity. Clarity begins with effective communication. He should make sure communication from his management team reaches all employees.The article by Ferrazzi (Harvard Business Review) indicates three specifi c techniques, developed from the author's research, which can help coworkers collaborate and interact more effectively. The techniques, which are based on creating trust that allows team members to speak candidly, are â€Å"dividing meetings into smaller groups, naming a candor advocate, and teaching how to give and receive feedback with a positive attitude† (Ferrazzi, 2012, Candor, Criticism, and Teamwork, p. 0). Team Dysfunctions The Chattanooga Ice Cream team is dysfunctional for several reasons.Some of those reasons include an absence of trust, avoidance, and not being accountable. Also, there is a lack of commitment amongst some managers. Moore is also looking for buy-in from all members for group decisions. There was no clear cut rule as to how decisions were going to be made. Simply put, Charles Moore failed to incorporate clear operating rules. Week Four 4 Lecture – Building High Performance Teams suggests that â€Å"when managers agree on ground rules in adva nce, the team is uch more likely to run efficiently,† this is especially true with the Chattanooga Ice Cream team.According to Rick Johnson, Charlie could â€Å"Challenge is management team; ask for solutions, assigning both responsibility and empowerment accordingly to utilize individual skills. Ownership of ideas and initiatives builds commitment. Involving the team in creating direction and solutions through empowerment generates commitment to the tasks necessary to meet objectives. A way to get over the major loss of a client and overshadow the â€Å"mourning† effect would be to hallenge the management team to collectively bring in a new client or a few clients that could equal the departure of the one loss, in terms of volume.Also, Moore should create offsite team-building activities on a quarterly basis. The gatherings/ outings should be used to build unification and trust in each other. New Direction for Charles seems to want to be Just another member of the tea m, an individual contributor, wanting to give his part instead of asking the explicit result-driven questions required of him in his leadership role. Welch, goes on to say, â€Å"But that's he Job. You want bigger solutions ask questions; healthy debate, decisions, and actions will get everyone there† (p. 76).There is nowhere to go, if there is no one to lead. The dysfunctions of the team lie with the dysfunctions of the leader and no directions. Regardless of making the wrong or right decision, in regards to the CICC case, if no action is taken, then the company will fail for sure. As a Business Development Executive, I would tend to push the team to research and target other clients to fill the void left by the client lost, eliminating the somberness, creating otivation to accomplish a new goal, and strengthen the team by focusing efforts into one vision.He should run his team through assessments that could help him strategically pair individual weaknesses and strengths tog ether, not only to complement each other going forward but to build credibility as a leader and start to build a foundation for candor, voice, and dignity going forward. Gaining new clients would most likely cost additional funds in the research and marketing and may cause little investment growth up front; however stabilizing the vision with a decision is aking the correct effort to save this company under the current circumstances.

Is the Life-Span Approach Essential to Human Development

Human development has been a subject of interest among modern researchers. The most prominent theory in human development is the life-span approach which is made up of various concepts. This essay aims to show the importance of the life-span approach by analysing some of the concepts that make up this approach, such as multi-directionality historical location and contexualism among others. This essay will critically analyse some of the assumptions of the life-span approach.It will also examine arguments against the lifespan approach as well as other theories of human development such as Freud’s psychoanalytic theory with the aim of showing that this approach is essential for understanding human development. One of the major assumptions of the life-span approach as suggested by Baites, (1987) is that development is a ‘life-long process’ by this he meant that developmental changes occur throughout a person’s life, from the point of conception till death (Suga rman, 1986). Baltes, (1987) went on to state that development as a life-long process assumes that, no point in a person’s developmental life is more important than the other, every period of a person’s life is equally important weather it is childhood or aging, they are all important periods of development though this assumption is in direct contradiction to other theorists of human development such as Freud who believed that development ends at childhood and that adulthood is an extended version of childhood and that aging is more of â€Å"loss in adaptive capacity† hence does not qualify to be put in the paradigms of development .This has constituted the gain and loss argument (Baltes, 1987). Research on intelligence has shown that other forms of intelligence which involving reviewing of one’s life and wisdom emerge in old age and these forms of intelligence are not ‘genetically wired from birth† as suggested by Freud and (Baltes, 1987). Thi s goes to show that development is not restricted to certain periods of a person’s life but happens up until death; hence the life-span approach is essential in understanding human development.With the desire to proove the importance of the life-span approach in human development This essay will look at another assumption put forward by life-span theorists which state that development is malti-directional, (Baltes, 1987). This means that human development has different forms and differs in the routes that it takes thoughout the developmental process for example the presents of degenerative and growth abilities in a person (Stenberg, Bornstein, Yandell, & Rook, 011). It has also been noted by Li & Freund, (2005) that development as viewed by the life-span theory is not a one way procces of accumulation but that some developmental aspect increase while others decline (Li & Freund, 2005). Research by (cattel and horn, 1982 ) shows that a person consits of two types of intelligan ce mamely fluid and crystalized intelligance.According to this research fluid intelligance showed a declining function as compared to cristalized which showed accumulation tendancies (Baltes, 1987) This evidence shows that development is not a one way procces but takes different directions and that includes both childhood development and aiging, reafirming the point made above that aiging also qualifies to be considered as being part of development.Also in southafrica it has been noted that due to the inaccesibility of adiquate health care by children during the apartheid some children were born with birth defects while others suffered from malnutrition and became disabled showing the different varyng trajectories that human development can take (Youth hearings, 1997). Therefore the presence of malti-directionality as a life-span concept helps us to understand the various dimentions and directions taken by development throghout a person’s life hence it earns its importance in understanding human development.The life-span approach again plays a very important role in understanding human development when looking at the assumption that ‘development is historically embeded’ (Elder, 1998). This concept cannot be separated from the concept of contexualism hence Elder, (1998)’s work is to be viewed in light of the two concepts. According to Baites, (1987) the idea behind this assumption is that the historical location of a person together with the socio, economic and caltural experiences the individual encounter during that time has an impact on how he developes.He went on to say that this assumption brings in history as an important factor that facilitates one’s nature of deverlopment To support this assumption it was discovered that children who faced economic hardships during the time of the great depression looked far much older than their normal age but tended to recover when the conditions got better showing again that developm ent is a continous procces (Elder, 1998). To further support this line of thinking it must be clarified that Elder, (1998) is stressing the fact that there is continous interplay between factors such as history, timing of life transitions such as early pregnancy, shared elationships and a person’s unique ability to execise agency which has been defined by Baites, (1987) as plasticity These factors greatly influence the developmental trajectories of a person (Sugarman, 1986). To support this he turns his attention to the oakland and berkely studies done on children who experiences the second world war, the great depression and the korean war. As shown by this research children born during the economic meltdown of the great depression probably laked proper parenting and this affected maturation.He went on to mention that children who lived during the second world war and the korean war had different experienes as compared to the oakland study and their developmental gains and l osses were different. In southafrica research shows that black children who lived during the apatheid era ended up in sqatter camps without any aducation, with poor sanitation no recreation facilities and high health risks, this forced some to join ganges.Removal from their land also caused identity confusion which is a very important developmental task according to Erikson. showng that historcal context brings with it a unique experience that individuals are exposed to and this has a great impact on one’s developmet reafirming the claim tht the life-span approach is important in understanding human development. It has also been brought to attention that the research methods used by life-span researchers are to some extent unreliable and may produce inaccurate information.As critics of this approach have noted life-span researchers mainly use introspection, questioning and obsarvation for example Elder, (1998) on his study of children of the great depression admits that they would ask the subjects on how they thought the great depression influenced their lives, Havighurst also used the same technique in his study of developmental tasks and this is problematic since subjects are most likely unware of their developmental tasks and deficits (Sugarman, 1986).He went on to say researcher bias is also a broblem for example theorists like Erikson may have been influenced to research by their background and the results they produce may bear similarities to what they personaly feel, not the actual facts on the ground. Pllasticity is another life-span concept that t can help us understand human development. Though it has been mentioned above we now look at it in more detail. According to (Li & Freund, 2005) it is the campacity of the individual to influence his own developmen meaning a person may counciously or uconciously influence heir own developme. Biological research on cortical plasticity across the life-span by (Li & Freund, 2005) has shown that the brain of adults can change its stractural and functional organisation due to its developmental history. The research also showed the reorganisation of functions of the cortex in old age such as the use of both hemspheres to compansate for decline and this shows the importance of pasticity in human develoment.The last charecteristic of the life-span approach to be discussed is the fact that human development is multi-disciplinary meaning that it encompasses other fields such as bbiology, sociology and anthropology (Baltes, 1987). This assumption is further supported by Huvighurst (1972) who also suggest that developmental tasks arise from ‘physical maturation, caltural presure and individual aspirations (Sugarman, 1986).He gives the example that learning to read may be as a result caltural influence, one’s willingness to read and your mental or cognitive capability hence these three fields may simaltenously influence development. Though this essay aims to assert the importants of the life-span approach to development we cannot turn a blind eye on some of the weaknesses and critisisms brought forward agains this approach therefore we will start with the last concept which stated that human development is is malti-desciplinary.Schoolars like Sugarman, (1986) have argued that much of the work presented to support the assumption remains in doupt since research done in german society may not be applicable on a Southafrican context and therefore this particular concept does not fully expain human development of all people across the world since developmental tasks such as choosing a job are calture specific (Havighurst, 1972).Another critisism of the life-span approach is that it that some of its ideas are incontradiction with its principles for example Sugarman, (1986) notes that life-span developmental theorists offer a road map of development, Erikson’s eight stages and Havighurst’s assumption that failare to overcome a particular stage would result in unhappyness. This is in direct contradiction to the notion that development is malti-directional and does not follow a particular pattern of developmen which bergs the question as to weather this approach is really essential in understanding human development.After closely examining the assumptions of the life-span approach and the arguments presented against it, it is evident that the approach has a lot of inconsistancies and that the research methods used to some extend are inconclusive. After aknowledging these facts it is however iumportant to note that not all of the life-span approach’s research is obtained by quationable means and that it is the only theory of human development which better explains human development in Southafrica.The life-span approach is also to be credited for being the only thery of human development which is malti-disciplinary and it is also not deterministc in that there is always hope to overcome life;s challenges Also its methods are easily applicable therefore in conclusion it remains beyond reasonable doupt that development is a life-long procces and that the life-span approach is vital in understanding human development. ? References Baites, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline.Developmental Psychology, 611-623. Boyd, D. , & Bee, H. (2006). Life span development (4th ed. ). Boston: MA Pearson Education. Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course a developmental theory. Child development. BF431 . M374 1972. Havisghurst, R. (1972). Developmental tasks and education. (3rd ed. ). New York : D. McKay Co. BF701 . H37 1972. evelopmental theory. Child development, 69, 1-12. Leo, B. , Kloep, H. , & Kloep, M. (2002). Lifespan Development Resources, Challenges and Risks. Oxford: Thomson Learning. Li, S. C. & Freund, A. M. (2005). Advances in lifespan psychology;A Forcus on biocaltural and personal influences. Research in human development, 1- 23. Salkind, N. J. (2004). Intoduction to Theories of Human Development. Califonia: Sage Publications. Stenberg, L. , Bornstein, M. H. , Yandell, D. L. , & Rook, K. S. (2011). Life-Span development;Infancy through chidhood. Belmont: WAadsworth Cengage Learning. Sugarman, L. (1986). New essential psychology:Life-Span development, concepts theories and interventions. New York: Methen Inc.